Cum omnis eloquentiae doctrinam et omne studiorum genus sapientiae luce praefulgens a Graecorum fontibus diriuatum Latinos proprio sermone inuenio celebrasse et in omnibus illorum uestigia libralibus1 consecutos artibus uideo, nee in his solum quae emendate ab illis sunt prolata, sed etiam quosdam errores eorum amore Graecorum doctoruni deceptos imitari2, in quibus maxime Graeca uetustissima grammatica ars arguitur peccasse, cuius auctores, quanto sunt iuniores, tanto3 perspicaciores, et ingeniis floruisse et diligentia ualuisse omnium iudicio confirmantur eruditissimorum—quid enim Herodiani artibus certius, quid Appollonii scropulosis deficilibusque quaestionibus enucleatius possit inueniri4?post illos5…conatus sum pro uiribus6 rem arduam quidem…
1. i.e. librariis[4].2. the Latins have such love for the Greeks that they follow even their errors.4. it is this couple[5], then, that he has followed.6. ’tis above my strength for its difficulty.
Huius tamen operis te hortatorem sortitus iudicem quoque facio, Iuliane consul et patricie, cui summus dignitatis1 gradus summa adquisiuit[1] in omni studio2 ingenii claritudo3 non tantum accipiens[2] ab excelsis gradibus honorum pretii, quantum illis decoris addens tui, cuius mentem tam Homeri credo quam Virgilii animo constare, quorum uterque4 arcem possederat musicae, te tertium5 ex utroque
[ 50 ]copossitum esse confirmans quippe non minus Graecorum quam Latinorum in omni doctrinae genere praefulgentem. Tibi ergo hoc opus quasi ad Deum6 deuoueo, omnis eloquentiae praesul, ut quan
tamcumque mihi Deus annuerit suscepti laboris gloriam7, te comite quasi quodam sole delucidius crescat.
Titulos etiam uniuersi operis per singulos8 supposui libros…
…quae (sc. litterae) et in quas transeunt per declinationes uel compositiones9 partium orationis.
[ 50 ]6: amal bid do dia7: .i. cid bec cid mar indinducbál ó dia tarhési denmo ind libuir bith má de do buith daitsiu hi coimthecht oco·⏑8: athitol re cach libur ar naroib cummasc foir9: .i. ut accentus ·d· hí ·c·10: donaib hí thecmoṅgat
1. of the princedom.2. in every kind of knowledge and wisdom.3. the conspicuousness.4. i.e. that pair.5. i.e. the third man (joined) to them
[ 50 ]6. as if it were to God.7. i.e. whether the glory from God for making the book be small or be great, it will be the greater from thy being associated in it.8. before every book its title that there be no confusion upon it.9. i.e. as accentus [= ad-cantus] d into c.10. of the things that happen.
Philosophi diffiniunt, uocem esse aerem tenuissimum ictum uel sonum sensibilem aurium1, id est, quod proprie auribus accidit ut est prior diffinitio á substantia2 sumpta…
Articulata est, quae coortata[1]3 hoc est copulata cum aliquo sensu mentis eius, qui loquitur, profertur. Inarticulata est contraria uox quae4 a nullo affectu5 mentis proficiscitur6.
Quaedam, quae non possunt scribi intelliguntur tamen, ut sibili7 hominum… aliae autem sunt, quae, quamuis scribantur tamen inarticulatae sunt, cum nihil significant8, ut ‘coax,’ ‘cra,’ eas enim uoces quanquam intelligimus de quo9 sint uolucre profectae tamen
[ 51 ]inarticulatae dicuntur… Scire autem debemus quod has quattuor species uocum proficiunt quatuor superiores diffirentiae generaliter uoci accidentes10, binae per singulas inuicem coeuntes11.
1. i.e. which ears perceive.2. i.e. the substance from which vox is produced.3. i.e. it is combined to express the meaning which is in the mind.4. i.e. it is not fastened down and it is not checked to express a meaning.5. i.e. from volition.6. i.e. it proceeds not.7. i.e. the whistling is a signal by things.8. i.e. not constrained to express a meaning.9. i.e. from which. [ 51 ]10. i.e. these are general to voice.11. i.e. every aspect (species) which is therein there is a difference which they produce by doubling them, ut diximus.
Lyttera est pars minima uocis compossitae, hoc est quae constat compositione literarum, minima autem, quantum ad totam adpre
hensionem uocis litteratae1—ad hanc enim etiam productae uocales2 breuissimae partes inueniuntur—uel quod omnium breuissimum eorum3, quae diuidi possunt, id quod diuidi non potest.
Dicitur autem litera…4 a lituris5… Literas autem etiam ylementorum uocabulo6 noncupauerunt ad similitudinem mundi ylementorum7: sicut etiam coeuntia8 omne9 perficiunt corpus, sic etiam haec coniuncta literalem uocem quasi corpus aliquod10 componunt uel magis uere corpus est. Nam sí aer corpus est11, et uox, quae ex aere icto constat, corpus esse ostenditur, quippe cum et tangit12 aurem et tripartito diuiditur, quod est suum corporis, hoc est in altitudinem, latitudinem13, longuitudinem, unde ex omni quoque parte14 potest audiri. Praeterea tamen singulae syllabae15 altitudinem quidem habent in tenore, crassitudinem uero uel latitudinem in spiritu16, longuitudinem in tempore.
[ 52 ]Litera est igitur nota ylementi17 et uelut imago quaedam uocis literatae, quae cognoscitur ex qualitate18 uel quantitate19 figurae linearum20. Hoc ergo interest inter ylementa21 uel literas22, quod elementa proprie dicuntur ipsae pronuntiationes23, notae autem earum literae. Abussiue24 tamen et elementa pro literis et literae pro elementis uocantur. Cum enim dicimus non posse25 constare26 in eadem syllaba r ante p, non de literis27 dicimus, sed de pronuntiatione earum28, 29: nam quantum30 ad scripturam possunt coniungui, non tamen etiam pronuntiari, nisi postpossita r31.
1. i.e. in comparison with the word composed of letters.2. i.e. lawful, I deem (for) the other letters (to be brevissimae partes).5. i.e. the li (in littera) is short because lĕgo is short, et si etc., and it is an epenthesis that inserts a t in it, to make length in the poets, etc.6. i.e. so that they are called elementa.8. every two elements (two by two), etc.9. all (in the accusative sg.).10. i.e. the body of the word.11. and it is a body.12. is it not lawful si, etc.13. into roughness (δασεῖαν), i.e. into softness or breadth.14. i.e. of the three things aforesaid.15. besides that the part of speech is divided.16. i.e. in roughness or ψιλότης.
[ 52 ]17. i.e. a note of signification, i.e. of pronunciation, i.e. of the power continued and of the sound.18. i.e. of the figure, i.e. roundness or straightness.19. i.e. from the quantity of strokes in the figure, i.e. if it be one stroke it is an i, if two strokes it is an n, etc.20. i.e. of the lines or of the forms, i.e. the character of the letters is the figure[12].21. i.e. powers.22. characters.23. i.e. certain precise pronunciations, certain precise sounds.25. i.e. as regards pronunciation and sound.26. i.e. in the beginning of a word.28. i.e. it is as regards sound that it cannot be, not as regards writing.29. stirps: here is r before p therein.30. i.e. as far as writing.31. i.e. when r is postponed, as (in) pro, etc.
↑The MS. has hicoindeilc, with u written above the last i
↑Here by a kind of sandhi, mat has become mad before the d of dí. So in Wb. 1c10, ad drogduine from at drogduine, and conatarad Dair, LL. 77a6, from conatarat Dair
↑uinse (inse Ascoli) = uinnsi .i. atá, O’Cl. huinse Conall Cernach sund LL. 252c31, unse a ben lasin ríg, ondat a bai issin tír ar far ṁbelaib ‘here is his wife with the king, here are his cows in the country before you,’ LL. 252a14, undseo LL. 100a3, undsea 101a1, 2, unnse, unnsi, ondar B.Ball. 320b18
Sunt igitur figurae1 literarum quibus nos2 utimur uiginti tres, ipsae uero pronuntiationes3 earum multo ampliores, quippe cum singulae uocales denos4, 5 inueniantur sonos habentes uel plures, … … hámus6…
[ 53 ]Praeterea7 tamen i et u uocales, quando mediae sunt, altemos8 inter se sonos uidentnr confundere9.….10positum11….
Nomen, uelut a, b. Et sunt indeclinabilia tam apud Graecos[1] ylementorum nomina quam apud Latinos, siue quod a barbaris inuenta dicuntur, quod esse ostendit12 Varro in ii de antiquitate literarum docens lingua Chaldaeorum singularum nomina literarum ad earum formas13 esse facta, et ex hoc certum fieri, eos[2] esse primos
[ 53 ]7: .i. issed a plus remeperthae8: .i. fogur cechtar de aralaliu ⁊ fogur naliter naile[3]airriusom .i. ear ·í· ut hominem·9: Papirinus I litera in locum u· literae posita sicut optimum et maximum dicimus quae antiqui optumum et maxumum dicebant · ⏑ arba bes lasuidib ·u· tarhesi ṅí · ut pessumus pro pessimus · ut priscianus in ante · ⏑10: [marg. l.] archiunn11: .i. anas suidigthe12: ní fail intestimin so hisind libur romanach13: .i. dochruthugud inna liter foib
[ 53 ]7. i.e. this is the plus aforesaid.8. i.e. the sound of each of the two for the other, and the sound of the other letters for them, i.e. e for i, as (in) hominem.9. for it was a custom of theirs (to put) u instead of i, as in pessumus, etc.10. further on.11. i.e. when it is placed.12. this text is not in the Roman book.13. i.e. to form the letters according to them.
auctores literarum, siue quod simplicia1 haec et stabilia2 esse debent quasi fundamentum3 omnis doctrinae immobile, siue quod nec aliter apud Latinos poterant esse, cum a suis uocibus uocales nominentur, semiuocales uero in se disinant, mutae a se incipientes uocali terminentur, quas si flectas, significatio4 quoque nominum una5 euanescit6.
Vocales igitur per sé prolatae7, ut dictum est, nomen suum ostendunt,….…absque x, quae sola ab i incipit per anostrophen8 Graeci nominis ξῖ.…quae nouissime a Latinis assumpta post omnes ponitur9 literas, quibus Latinae dictiones egent10….in
[ 54 ]commento11… semiuocales sunt septem12 .… h autem aspirationis est magis nota13.
Ex his uocales dicuntur, quae per se uoces efficiunt et sine quibus uox literalis proferri non potest14 unde et nomen hoc praecipue sibi defendunt15.
1. i.e. for they will be compounded of the sounds of other letters if they be declined, that is, so that there may be in them the composition of letters or syllables to signify a genitive, etc.2. i.e. without declension.3. for an unstable foundation is incongruous.4. i.e. the meaning that is in them before, i.e. the meaning of denomination. This, indeed, is the meaning of the denomination of vowels, their production by themselves: it would not be thus, then, if they were declined, etc.5. i.e. with declension.6. i.e. it vanishes and perishes, i.e. it puts itself into other sounds.7. manifesting their name.8. i.e. by anastrophe of ξῖ.9. i.e. the order of invention is (still) on it.10. they indeed need it.
[ 54 ]12. these are the words (of Servius).13. i.e. therefore I do not place it with k and q.14. i.e. a part of speech; this then is not produced, nor can it be pronounced without vowels.15. i.e. they keep.
↑here ar is expressed by the Latin siglum for quia. So also in Sg. 4b3, 5a4, 17a5, 19a1, 21b13, 32a9, 38a2, 55b5, 71b5, 148a9, 159a3, 161b11, 164b1, 165b3, 174a1, 179a5, 179a6, 188a27, 188b1, 189b1, 191a5, 202a2, 207b2, 211a14, 212b16. In Sg. 7b14 the siglum is the usual abbreviation for quam, but which, according to Thurneysen is in Sg. used for quia
↑rograigther = ro-ḟograigther; leg. ní fograigther or ní rofograigther? as the elision here would be exceptional, cf. Trans. Phil. Soc. 1895–6, p. 106 J.S.
Hae ergo quantum uincuntur1 a uocalibus, tantum superant mutas.
…in semiuocales, quae secundam habent euphoniam2, disinunt, quam nos sonoritatem3 possumus dicere…‘Semiuocales’ autem sunt appellatae4, quia plenam uocem non habent, ut ‘semideos’ et ‘semiuiros’ appellamus, non qui demediam {uel dimidiam} partem habent deorum uel uirorum, sed qui pleni dii uel uiri non sunt5.
Reliquae sunt mutae … Et sunt qui non bene hoc nomen putant eas accipere … Qui nesciunt6, quod ad comparationem bene sonantium ita sint nominatae, uelut ‘informis’7 dicitur mulier non quae caret forma, sed quae est male formata, et sic ‘frigidum’ dicimus eum, qui non penitus expers est caloris8 sed qui minimo hoc utitur {uel cocitur}.
Vocales apud Latinos sunt omnes ancipites9 uel liquidae10, hoc est quae facile modo produci modo corripi possunt, sicut etiam apud antiquissimos Graecorum erant ante inuentionem η et ω11, quibus
[ 55 ]inuentis ε et ο[1], quae ante ancipites erant12 remanserunt13 perpetuo breues14, cum earum productarum loca15 posesa sunt a supra dictis
1. semiuocales .i. noch is méit fornúaislichter són2: .i. inbindius tánaise indegaid ṅguttae ·3: .i. bindius4: .i. Ni arindí bed leth ṅgotho nobed indib sem ar is huilliu · sed quia plenam uocem non habent sicut uocales · ⏑[2]5: .i. trethesbaid naich baill dind deilb ·6: .i. hit hé dodmainetar insin indí qui reliqua7: .i. michruthaigthe8: .i. intesa9: .i. eter fot ⁊ gair10: ꝉ liquidae .i. hit lechdacha lesom in tan nádtechtat acht oin aimsir · is follus asin tra nand ainmm ⁊ nand cumachte legas dolechdagaib acht is aimmserad namma · ⏑11: .i. renairec éta ⁊ ω
[ 55 ]12: .i. coitchena riam eter fot ⁊ gair13: doruarthatar14: .i. bithgairddi són .i. e ⁊ o15: .i. indluic himbítis airdixi · e ⁊ o
1. that is, as far as they are surpassed.2. i.e. the euphony (which comes) next after (that of the) vowels.4. i.e. not that there is (only) half of a voice in them, for it is more.5. i.e. through the want of some member to the image[3].6. i.e. it is they who think that, those who, etc.8. i.e. of the heat.9. i.e. both length and shortness.10. i.e. he deems them liquids when they have only one time. Hence then it is clear that it is not the name and it is not the power which produces liquidity to liquids, but it is temporality only.11. i.e. before the invention of η and ω.
[ 55 ]12. i.e. common before, both length and shortness.14. i.e. always short.15. i.e. the places wherein used to be the longs e and o.
Inuenitur tamen etiam m ante n possitum, nec producens ante se uocalem more mutarum4.
Apud antiquissimos Graecorum non plus quam sedecim erant literae, quibus ab illis acceptis Latini antiquitatem seruauerunt perpetuam5.
ϝ est Aeolicum digamma6, 7, quod8 apud antiquissimos Latinorum uerius eandem uim quam apud Aeolis habuit. Eum autem prope sonum9, quem nunc habet, significabat ṗ cum aspiratione, sicut etiam apud ueteres Graecos pro φ π et ͱ10… Postea uero11 in Latinis uerbis placuit loco p et h f scribi, ut ‘fama,’ ‘filius,’ ‘facio,’ loco autem
1. i.e. always long these.3. below (lit. ahead).4. although it is not a mute.5. i.e. that then is perpetual with the Latins.
6. i.e. as if he had said it was not a letter till lately.7. or the character digamma, quod, etc.; digamma is here neuter.9. such as that sound.10. δασύς.11. i.e. with recent writers.
digammae u pro consonante1, quod cognatione soni2 uidebatur affinis esse digammae ea litera3. Quare cum f loco mutae ponatur, id est p et h siue φ, miror4 hanc inter semiuocales possuise artium scriptores. …sed hoc potestatem literae motare non debuit5; si enim esset semiuocalis, necessario terminalis nominum inueniretur6 quod minime reperies7, nec ante l uel r in eadem syllaba poni posset, qui locus mutarum est8 duntaxat, nec communem ante easdem
[ 56 ]posita faceret syllabam. Postremo Graeci, quibus in omnia doctrinae auctoribus utimur, φ, cuius locum f apud nos optinet, quod ostenditur in his maxime dictionibus, quas a Graecis sumpsimus9, hoc est, ‘fama,’ ‘fuga,’ ‘fur’ mutam esse confirmant. Sciendum est tamen quod hic quoque error10 a quibusdam antiquis Graecorum grammaticis inuassit Latinos11, qui φ et θ et χ semiuocalis putabant, nulla alia causa, nisi quod spiritus12 eis abundet, inducti13. Quod si esset14 .. …spiritus15 enim potestatem literae non motat, unde nec uocales addita aspiratione aliae16 fiunt et aliae16a ea dempta[1]. Hoc tamen scire debemus, quod non fixis labris17 est pronuntianda f, quomodo ph18, atque hoc solum interest19.
1: .i. intan ṁbís archonsain2: foguir3: comocus afogur díblínaib4: admachdursa[2] .i. is machdad limm5: ni cumscaichthi cumachtae nairi cedoinscana sí ó guthaigthi6: forceinnfitis anmmann inte7: acht a ainmm[3]féssin[4]8: buith relechdachaib
[ 56 ]9: [in marg.] níbbu machdath hetis grecdi ⁊ nothath[5]foraib linni ⁊ dano it latindi amal ṡodain ut dixit prius · in latinis uerbis placuit · f usque facio ··10: áram[6] f la lethguthaigthi11: .i. tre intṡamail inna sengrec comroircnech12: tinphed13: ánamtar[7]tuidchissi[8]sidi ónach ḟochun ailiu14: anísin15: atinphed16: saini16a: saini17: timmthastaib ꝉ cumcaib18: tri beulu dlútai19: .i. inter · f ⁊ alias mutas .i. fogur tantum noda deligedar frimuta ⁊ is mútsi arachuitsidi[9]20. la ·c·
1. i.e. when it is for a consonant.3. the sound of them both is akin.4. I marvel, i.e. I wonder.5. the power (of the letter) is not to be changed from it, although it begins with a vowel.6. nouns would be ended in it.7. save its own name.8. being before liquids.
[ 56 ]9. it were no wonder that they were Greek and….; and yet they are Latin in that case, ut dixit, etc.10. to count f with the semivowels.11. i.e. through imitation of the erroneous ancient Greeks.13. when they were not led from any other cause.17. compressed or close.18. through compressed lips.19. i.e. the sound only distinguishes it from mutes, and it is a mute so far as that goes.
↑MS. fiunt alia dempta, corrected to fiunt et alia ea dempta
↑admachdursa is coined as a literal rendering of admiror, the idiomatic Irish for which is is machdad limm
‘Kartago’ enim et ‘caput,’ siue per c, siue per k scribantur, nullam faciunt nec1 in sono nec1a in potestate in metro eiusdem consonantis differentiam2. Q uero propter nihil aliud scribenda uidetur esse3, nisi ut ostendat, sequentem u ante alteram uocalem in eadem syllaba4 possitam perdere uim literae in metro. Quod si ideo5 alia litera6 existimanda quam c7 debet g quoque, cum similiter8 proponitur u amittenti u uim literae9, alia10 putari, et alia10a, 11 cum id non
[ 57 ]faci12. Dicimus enim ‘anguis13’ sicut ‘quis’ et ‘augur14’ sicut iȧcur[1]15.
Vnde si uelimus cum ueritate contemplari16, ut diximus, non plus quam xviii literas in Latino sermone habemus… Nam y et z17, causa Graecorum…asciuimus18 nominum, h autem aspirationis nota et nihil aliud habet literae nisi figuram et quod in uersu19 scribitur inter alias literas. Quod si sufficeret20, ut ylementum putaretur, nihilominus quorundam etiam numerorum figurae21…elementa sunt habenda22. Sed minime hoc est adhibendum23, nec aliud aliquid24 ex accidentibus proprietatem ostendit25 uniuscuiusque elementi, quomodo potestas, qua26 caret aspiratio…. Vocalis non est [h], quia a sé uocem non facit27, nec semiuocalis, cum nulla syllaba Latina uel Graeca in perfecta {in marg. ꝉ per integras} dictione in eam dissinat28…
1: emith ifogur1a: emith2: ind óenfoguir ní fail dechor comḟogair indib3: ni roscríbad ar naill[2] nisi4: la ·q· ⁊ lasingutai dodaiarmorat5: .i. arthaidbsin nihelsa far ·u·6: liter ṡain7: oldaas ·c· sain · fri ·c·8: fri ·q·9: dond ·u·10: sain10a: sain11: [in marg.] .i. bad liter sain ·g ⁊ bíth charactar naill di amal sodain .i. intan ·m· bís nihelas do ·u· fri ·g·
[ 57 ]12: nihelas frie13: nathir14: mathmarc15: caebb · oo ·16: lín liter laitinde17: .i. ar ní biat inanmanaib laitindib ⁊ ní erchuiretar lín liter laitinde iarum18: dorochuirsemmar19: do immḟolung ḟuit20: anísin ascribend inter alias21: nanota áram22: bith[3]techtai23: nítedparthi inso arnibat litre nota aram ciascríbtair hifers24: alaill ṡain25: ní fail nach naiccidit taibsed sainred litre amal donadbat chumachtae26: is ósuidiu27: nírela aainm amal guthaigthi[4]⁊ ní diuschi fogur amal ɔsana28: Ní foircnithær nach rann óg indi · si enim inueniamus · uah · etc.
1. as much in sound1a. as.2. of the one sound: there is no difference of consonance in them.3. it was not written for anything else unless, etc.4. with q and with the vowel that follows it.5. i.e. for shewing the (metrical) nullity of u.6. a different letter.7. than c: different to c.8. as q.9. to the u.11. i.e. in that case let g be a different letter and have another character, to wit, when there is nullity in u beside g.
[ 57 ]12. nullity beside it.16. the number of the Latin letters.17. i.e. for they are not in Latin nouns (words), and so they do not increase[5] (?) the number of Latin letters.19. to cause length.20. that, (namely) that it is written among the others.21. the figures of numerals.23. this is not to be applied, for the figures of numerals will not be letters, although they are written in the verse.24. another thing peculiar.25. there is no accident which can display the peculiarity of a letter as the power displays (it).26. it is it (that it lacks)[6].27. it does not manifest its name, like vowels, and it does not awaken sound, like consonants.28. no complete part (of speech) ends in it.
↑the true reading is cur, so that the puncta delentia would naturally refer to the first two letters of iacur: the corrupt iacur seems to be explained by the obscure gloss: with caebb cf. coep chro ⁊ fola LL. 172a 12, Zeitschr. f. deutsch. Alt. xx. 227
↑in full Sg. 18a 6, 53{a 1. But it is possible, as Thurneysen suggests, that guth. may be an abbreviation of guttai, guth. being written etymologically
Nulla eam syllaba plus duabus1 mutis iuxta se2 possitis3, nec plus tribus consonantibus continuare potest4.
Videntur tamen i et u, cum in consonantes transeunt quantum
[ 58 ]ad potestatem5, quod maximum est in elementis, aliae literae esse5 praeter supra dictas……quia diuersum sonum6…habent.…quamuis7 et Censorino…idem placuit8.
Tantum9 enim fere interest inter uocales et consonantes, quantum inter animas et corpora. Vocales similiter ut per se mouentur ad perficiendam syllabam et consonantes mouent secum10, consonantes uero sine uocalibus inmobiles[1] sunt11. Et i quidem modo12 pro simplici, modo pro duplici accipitur consonante: pro simplici, quando ab eo[2] incipit syllaba in principio dictionis posita[3] subsequente uocali in eadem sillaba13…pro duplici quando in medio dictionis ab eo incipit syllaba14 post uocalem antepossitam15 subsequente quoque
1. there will not be more (than two) mutes in one syllable.2. beside it.3. in one position of a syllable.4. to continue each consonant (directly) after another without a vowel between them.
[ 58 ]5. diverse as regards power.6. the sound.8. that they are different letters[4] as regards power.10. they awaken voice into them.11. they do not express themselves without vowels.12. with i.14. beginning of a syllable.15. before it.
uocali in eadem syllaba1, ut ‘maius,’ ‘peius,’ ‘eius2,’ in quo loco antiqui solebant geminare eandem i literam et ‘maiius,’ ‘peiius,’ ‘eiius’ scribere, quod non aliter3 pronuntiari posset quam4 si cum superiori5 syllaba prior i, cum sequente6 altera proferetur, ut ‘pei-ius,’ ‘ei-ius,’ ‘mai-ius’; nam quamuis7 sit consonans, in eadem syllaba geminata iungi non posset; ergo non alitor quam ‘tellus,’ ‘mannus’ proferri8 debuit. …nam tribus i iunctis qualis possit syllaba pronuntiari? quod9 Caesari…placitum10 a Victore[1] quoque in arte grammatica in syllabis11 comprobatur. Pro simplici quoque in media dictione inuenitur, sed in compossitis, ut ‘iniuria12,’….Virgilius in bucolico proceleusmaticum[2]13 posuit pro dactylo:
[ 59 ]
V vero loco consonantis possita eandem prorsus in omnibus16 uim habuit apud Latinos, quam apud Eoles digamma. Unde a plerisque ei nomen hoc datur, quod apud Eoles habuit olim ϝ17 digamma, id est ‘uau’ ab ipsius uoce18 profectum19… Pro quo Caesar hanc Ⅎ figurani scribi uoluit20.
[ 59 ]14: proclematicum sin ⁊ isarchonsin diuit atá í and cotarsne sin fri hono⏑ ar[4]is airdíxa re· lasuide ·15: huabéla ·cicero dicit ·hiulcus· patens·⏑ etc.16: .i. potestatibus ꝉ uirtutibus rothecht digaimm17: .i. carachtar ṅdigaim18: óndḟogur inméth innadigaim doratath anomen sin don chumachtu·⏑19: anasrochumlai anainmsin do ·u· .i. uau ·20: do inchosc uau apud latinos
[ 58 ]1. i.e. in the same syllable is it and the vowel after it.2. the three of them would be nominatives.3. it cannot be[5] otherwise.5. two passages on the first i, towards the vowel before it.6. i.e. along with the vowel after it.8. to be pronounced[6].9. i.e. that law of not joining the three letters in one syllable.10. it has pleased.11. an artist in putting syllables.12. that (is) for a simple consonant.13. a foot of four short syllables.
[ 59 ]14. that (rĕĭĭcĕ) is a proceleusmatic, and the i therein is for a simple consonant: that is contrary to…, for the re (in rēice) is long in his opinion.15. open.16. which digamma had.17. i.e. the character of digamma.18. from the …[7] sound of the digamma: that name (vau) has been given to the power.19. when that name, i.e. vau, has gone out to u.20. to denote vau.
↑a Victore: MS. auctori, to which the Irish gloss refers
quod1 quamuis illi recte uisum est, tamen consuetudo antiqua superauit. Adeo2 autem hoc uerum est, quod pro Aeolico ϝ digamma ponitur u: quod sicut illi solebant accipere digamma modo3 pro consonante simplici teste Astyage, qui diuersis hoc4 ostendit usibus.…
Est tamen quando idem Eoles inueniuntur5 pro duplici quoque consonante digamma possuisse..
Nos quoque uidemur hoc6 sequi in praeterito et plusquamperfecto tertiae et quartae coniugationis, in quibus i ante u consonantem possita producitur eademque snbtracta corripitur.
Nostri quoque hoc ipsum fecisse inueniuntur et pro consonante u7 uocalem breuem accepisse, ut Horatius ‘siluae’ trisyllabum protulit in epodo hoc uersu:
Niuesque deducunt Iouem8, nunc mare9, nunc siluae10:
est enim dimetrum iambicum coniunctum pentemimeri[1]11 heroico… Similiter Catullus Veronensis12.
Quod zonam soluit diu ligatam
[ 60 ]inter endicasyllabos Phalegios13 posuit.… Hoc tamen ipsum14 in
1. that.4. its being for a simple consonant.5. when they are found.6. its being for a double consonant.7. in place of the consonant u (v).8. the snows of Jove bring him down.9. the sea at another time brings him down.10. an heroic penthemimeris.11 . this is a syllable in addition to two dactyls, etc.
[ 60 ]13. in that kind of metre.14. that u-consonant should be for a vowel.
Et epigrammata4, quae egomet legi in trepode5 uetustissimo Appollinis qui stat in Xerolopho6 Bizantii …
Nos quoque hiatus causa interponimus u loco ϝ ut ‘Dauus7,’ ‘Argiuus8,’ ‘pauo9,’ ‘ouum10’.…Hoc tamen etiam per alias quasdam consonantes hiatus uel euphoniae causa solet fieri11, ut ‘prodest’…
In b etiam solet apud Eoles transire ϝ digamma quotiens ab ρ12 incipit dictio… Apud nos quoque est inuenire, quod pro u consonante
b ponitur, ut ‘caelebs1,’ caelestium uitam ducens2, per b scribitur, quod3 u consonans ante consonantem poni non potest. Sed etiam4 ‘Bruges’ et ‘Belena[1]’ antiquissimi dicebant, teste Quintiliano, qui hoc ostendit in primo institutionum[2]5 oratoriarum6: nec mirum, cum b quoque in u euphoniae causa conuerti inuenimus, ut ‘aufero7’ pro ‘abfero.’
Aspiratio ante omnes8 uocales poni potest… Ideo extrinsecus ascribitur uocalibus9, ut minimum sonet, consonantibus autem intrinsecus10, ut plurimum sonet : omnis enim litera sine uox plus sonat ipsa sese, cum[3] postponitur quam cum anteponitur, quod uocalibus accedens esse uidetur11, nec, si tollatur ea, perit etiam uis significationis, ut si dicam ‘Erennius12’ absque aspiratione, quamuis
[ 61 ]uitium13 uidear facere, intellectus tamen permanet14. Consonantibus autem sic cohaeret, lit huiusdem[4] penitus substantiae sit15, ut si auferatur, significationis uim minuat prorsus16, ut si dicam ‘Cremes’ pro ‘Chremes.’ Unde hac considerata ratione17 Graecorum doctissimi singulas18 fecerunt eas quoque literas19, quippe20 pro τͱ θ, pro πͱ φ, pro κͱ χ scribentes. Nos autem antiquam scripturam seruamus21. In Latinis tamen22 dictionibus[5] nos quoque pro ph coepimus f scribere…nisi quod…est aliqua in pronuntiatione23 huius literae
2. celae from caelestem, b instead of v from vitam, s from ducens.6. of the eloquence.8. for this reason its aspiration is placed before a vowel, to attenuate and moderate the ample sound which is in the vowel.9. that is, before them.10. that is, in subsequence, to broaden their sound.11. that is an accident which happens to vowels.12. it determines the sound and the substance which it signifies.
[ 61 ]13. through taking away the aspiration.14. it signifies the same substance[10].15. so that they have the same substance.16. the sound does not signify the same substance—i.e. which it signified previously—after taking away the aspiration.17. the closeness of the aspiration to the consonants.18. single, that single letters should be made of them in writing.19. the characters of the consonants and the aspiration.20. certainly.21. in still writing two characters, i.e. the character of a consonant and the character of aspiration, as the ancient Greeks used to do.22. though we preserve the rule of the ancient Greeks in writing the two characters in yon consonants, we have, however, formed one character—f instead of p with aspiration—in Latin words.
ρͱ autem ideo non est translatum ab illis in aliam figuram2 quod3 nec sic cohaeret huic quomodo mutis nec, si tollatur, minuit significationem4. Quamuis enim subtracta aspiratione dicam ‘retor,’ ‘Phirrus’ intellectus intiger manet5, non aliter6 quam7 si antecedens uocalibus8 auferatur, unde ostenditur ex hoc quoque aliqua esse cognatio r literae cum uocalibus. Ex quo9 quidam dubitauerunt utrum praeponi debeat huic aspiratio an subiungui. Unde Aeoles loco, ut diximus, aspirationis digamma[1] ponentes in dictionibus ab ρ
[ 62 ]incipientibus, solent loco digamma β scribere, indicantes10 debere praeponi digamma quasi uocali: sed rursus quasi consonanti11 digamma in eadem syllaba praeponere recusantes, commotabant id in β .…. sed apud Graecos haec litera, id est ρ, multis modis fungitur loco uocalis…ut ωρα12, ωρας13….
Quaeritur, cur in ‘uah,’ ‘nah14,’ ‘ah’ post uocales ponitur aspiratio, et dicimus, quod apogope15 facta est extremae uocalis cui praeponebatur aspiratio; nam perfecta ‘uaha,’ ‘naha,’ ‘aha.’ Ideo autem abscisione extremae uocalis16 tamen aspiratio mansit ex superiore pendens uocali17, quia suum18 est interiectionis uoce abscondita19 proferri. Itaque pars absconditae extremitatis20 uidetur congruae in interiectionis naturali prolatione remansisse … etiam in fine21 ….
2. so that one figure should be made instead of this, like the others.4. it expresses the same substance.5. it is the same substance which they express.8. from.9. from the principle of the affinity.
[ 62 ]10. this is why they used to have digamma before ρ here.11. as it were to a consonant, (or) as to it.12. a boundary.13. its genitive: ρ then stands for a vowel here. 14. this is an interjection. 16. that is a, i.e. a has been taken from them. 17. it adheres to the preceding vowel. 18. i.e. a peculiarity of an interjection is a smothered sound with heaviness of aspiration. 20. of the smothering.
interiectionum autem pleraeque communes sunt naturaliter omnium gentium uoces1.
Inter c sine aspiratione et c cum aspiratione est g2 … inter p et ph3 sine f est b4 … Hoc5 autem ostendit etiam ipsius palati pulsus et linguae uel labrorum consimilis est quidem6 in ternís7, in p et ph uel f et b et rursus in c et ch et g, similiter inter t et th et d. Sed in leuibus8 exterior fit pulsus, in asperis interior, in mediis inter utrumque supra dictorum locum, quod facile denoscitur, si adtendamus in supra dictis motibus ora mirabili naturae lege
[ 63 ]modolantibus9 uoces. Tanta autem est cognatio earum quod inuicem inueniuntur pro se possitae10 in quibusdam dictionibus, ut ambo pro αμφο11….
…immotabiles12 sunt apud nos tres, l, n, r: per omnes enim casus eadem remanent13 … … t quoque et c… hoc idem seruant14….
1. there are some interjections common to every nation.2. intermediate between them (is the) sound g.3. intermediate between them.4. ’tis the same to me, both ph and f.5. that they are intermediate.6. their sound is alike, i.e. (there is) still a resemblance of sound.8. c, t and p, therefore they are called ‘light’ (lĕves) and ‘smooth’ (lēves), because they have no aspiration.
[ 63 ]9. to those that modulate.10. each of them instead of the other.11. i.e. it is the same in his opinion as though it were f.12. these three letters are immutable.13. the same letters.14. their immutability, like l and n and r.
Haec eadem uocalis peneultima in uerbis secundae coniugationis mutatur in u, ut ‘doceo docui’… Quod1 similiter est quando in tertia uel quarta coniugatione patitur i, ut ‘rapio rapui,’ ‘aperio aperui.’
U et o manent in principalibus syllabis positae immotabiles2, temporum quoque in quibusdam sunt ut ‘ruo rui’….
…nunquam in supra dicto tempore potest geminari nec in principio nee in fine syllaba nisi quae a muta incipit, ut…‘pedo3 pepedi’ …‘prodo prodidi4’…
1: anísin cumscugud ·e· in ·u· is cosmail són dano ⁊ intan fondaim ·i· acumscugud in ·u· hisechmadachtu tertchoibedna ⁊ quartaecobedna2: forcomaiḋder ·u· ⁊ ·o· in praesenti ⁊ in praeterito3: braigim4: in fíne són infechtsa
1. this, the change of e to u, alike is this also and when i suffers its change into u in the preterite of the third and fourth conjugations.2. u and o are preserved in the present and preterite.4. in fine this (gemination), this time.
M… loco mutae in multis fungitur: nam et ante n. m. posita communem syllabam facit, ut ‘Ramnes Ramnetis,’ sicut ‘Chremes Chremetis1,’—iambica enim sunt quae sic declinantur, quod2 Callimachi quoque auctoritate confirmatur….
Aliae uero sunt affines3 per commutationem…aliae autem per
[ 64 ]coniunctionem uel per cognationem4, ut b p f, nec non g c cum aspiratione uel sine ea, x. quoque duplex5, similiter d et t cum aspiratione uel sine ea et cum his z duplex, unde saepe d scribentes Latini hanc exprimunt sono6, ut ‘meridies’.… Quin etiam s semplex habet aliquam cum supra dictis cognationem, unde saepe pro z eam, geminatam solemus ponere ut ‘patrisso7’ pro πατρίζω,
1. an analogous instance; as r becomes liquid with c here.2. the law of the liquidation of n after m. [ 64 ]
P. 11b
4. through conjoining a similarity of sound, and it is this which he exemplifies only after.5. x is akin to g and c, and each of them is for the other.6. the sound of z in d.
↑innadead, Ascoli and Windisch; doubtful, Thurneysen
In uocalibus quoque sunt affines2 e correpta uel producta cum ei diptongo, qua ueteres Latini utebantar ubique loco i longuae: nunc etiam contra pro ea i longam ponimus uel e productam, ut… χορεία chorea[1], e[2] paenultima modo producta modo correpta3; o breuis siue longa cum u, ut bos4 pro βοῦς[3]…et ‘platanus5’ pro πλάτανος.
1: dofuibnimm2: coibnestai3: ꝉ .i. intan dofuarat ind ·e· timmorte indeoguir iarfoxul ·i· as· ut in ante dicit4: quia y u graecum est aris ·u· gaibes engracus5: proprium feda
1. I cut.3. when the short e remains of the diphthong after removing the i from it, ut etc.4. because it is u that takes (its) place[4].5. the proper name of a tree.
I transit in a,…paulus pauli paulatim1; in e, ‘fortis2 forte’…in o, ‘patris patronus3’…tibia tibicen4…par paris5 parricida6, 7…quibusdam tamen uidetur a parente esse compositum et pro parenticida per sincopam[1]8 et per commotationem t in r factum ‘parricida,’
1: in biucc2: .i. genitiuus nominis quod est fors .i. inbéstaid3: sruith athir4: erochair chétlaid5: cosmail6: cosmailoircnid inter[2]athir oircnid ꝉ tuistid oircnid7: cosmail leiss cacha[3]orr im car a fá æscare · reliqua ·8: en sillabe
3. a venerable father.4. a flute-player.6. a like-slayer (pari-cida), whether a father-slayer (patri-cida), or a parent-slayer (parenti-cida).7. alike to him whichever he may slay, whether friend or foe.8. of the syllable en.
Transit u…in e,…‘sacrum sacellum1’… Ponitur haec eadem
[ 65 ]litera in Graecis nominibus modo loco ου[1] diphthongi…modo pro ο correpta…pro eadem producta, ut ‘fur2’ pro ‘φώρ,’ sicut e contrario ‘byc’ pro ‘bos3’ {uel pro boyc, bos4}…
Est quando amittit uim tam uocalis quam consonantis.… quoque antecedente et sequente a uel e hoc idem saepe fit1 ut ‘suadeo’.. quod2, 3 apud Eoles quoque υ saepe patitur et amitit uim literae in metro.… Similiter ‘πήλυι4’ disyllabum inuenitur apud eosdem, cum υι[1] non est diphthongus. Est quando transit5 in consonantem uau6, sicut econtra7 a consonante transit in uocalem….
L triplicem…sonum habet: exilem8, quando geminatur secundo loco posita9; plenum…ut…‘flauus10’; medium in aliis… Transit in x, ut ‘paulum11 pauxillum12,’ ‘mala13 maxilla14,’ ‘uelum15 uexillum.’
M…apertum16 in principio, ut ‘magnus’…transit in n…ut…‘idem
1. nothing then here.2, 3. rule of nullity then.4. nothing here also.5. i.e. i being added (nauta nav-i-ta etc.), though he (Priscian) does not say it.6. i.e. into the sound of digamma, for its name is vau.7. i.e. (contrary) to the passage into a consonant.8. slender, thin.9. i.e. to the other I, the I of the last syllable.16. manifest in the opening of the mouth[2] at the sound of it (i.e. m) in that position.
identidem1’…‘num nuncubi2’…‘anceps3’ pro ‘amceps.’ ‘am’ enim praepositio…uocali…sequente intercipit4 b: ‘ambitus’…
N quoque in primis plenior sonat et in ultimis partibus syllabarum, ‘nomen’ ‘stamen5,’ exilior6 in mediis, ut ‘amnis’…. Sequente g uel c, pro ea g scribunt Graeci et quidam tamen uetustissimi auctores Romanorum…ut ‘aggens7’…quinta uicesima est litera, quam uocant agma8, cuius forma nulla est et uox9 communis est Graecis et Latinis, ut his uerbis…‘iggerunt10.’ In huiuscemodi
1. i.e. ‘idem et idem,’ in one way.2. ‘num et ubi,’ i.e. now.4. i.e. m interposes b to it.8. a letter.9. i.e. sound of the letter.10. they insert (ingerunt).
R…transit…in u consonantem: ‘tero1 triui’…in n: ‘aeneus2’ pro ‘aereus.’
S in metro apud uetustissimos frequenter uim suara amittit3. ‘Ne’ autem coniunctione sequente4 cum apostropho5 penitus tollitur ut ‘uiden6,’ ‘satin7,’ ‘uin,’ pro ‘uidesne,’ ‘satisne,’ ‘uisne.’ Nec non etiam in Graecis nominibus as uel es terminantibus plerunque tollitur…ut…‘sophista8’…in quibus etiam e producta in a correptam conuertitur9. …mutatur s…in x…‘pistrix10’ pro ‘pistris,’ in quo sequimur Doris: illi enim ‘ὄρνιξ[1]’ {uel lapis uictorię[2]11} pro ‘ὄρνις[3]’ dicunt… …huic praeponitur p et loco ψ12 Graeca fungitur…
1: .i. e in i productam ⁊ r· do thormuch lege uerbum post ⁊ ibi inuenies 2: .i. humide3: [marg. l.] uide post casus aut· ouium foetus—.i. glanad[4] ·u· ⁊ s·—aut urentis culta capellas reliqua[5]4: .i. andocoisgedar ne comaccomol ·s· 5: .i. ne fodaim apostroiph6: .i. uidesne .i. innaci7: .i. in lour 8: .i. fisid9: .i. iarfoxul ·s· diib10: belua marina .i. bled11: buaid lię12: .i. p con ·s·
1. i.e. e is changed into i long, and r is added. Lege Verbum etc. 3. i.e. elision of u and s (aut ouium foet’ aut…). 4. i.e. when the conjunction ne follows s. 5. i.e. ne suffers apostrophe. 7. i.e. is it enough? 9. i.e. after removing s from them. 11. a victory-stone. 12. i.e. p with s.
…quamuis1 non sine ratione2 haec quoque2a duplex a Graecis addita uidetur, nam multo molliorem3 et uolubiliorem4 sonum habet ψ quam ps5 uel bs…‘caelebs6’…‘Arabs7.’ Et x quidem assumpsimus, ψ autem non8; sed quantum expeditior9 est ψ quam10 ps…
…‘apex11’… …‘suppellex12 supellectilis’… …‘exoleo13’… ‘exspes’ in quo uidemur facere contra consuetudinem Graecorum14. …ponamus15.
2. i.e. for (the Latin) race quod etc. 8. i.e. we have not accepted this. 9. i.e. readier in sound. 13. I increase not. 14. i.e. by the principle of its remaining in (its) integrity with an s following it. 15. so that[5].
…geminari autem uidetur post consonantem, si[1] x antècedente, quae loco c et s funguitur, ipsa1 consequatur2 ut ‘exseqaiae’…
B transit…in m: ‘summitto,’ ‘globus glomus3’… Nam ‘suscipio’ ‘sustuli4’ a ‘susum’ uel ‘sursum’ aduerbio composita sunt, undo ‘subtinnio5’[2] et ‘subcumbo’ non motauerunt b in s. ‘Suspicor’ quoque et ‘suspicio’ a ‘susum’ uel ‘sursum’ componuntur, sed abiiciunt unam s6, quia non potest duplicari consonans alia subsequente consonante, quomodo nee antecedente, nissi sit muta ante liquidam, ut ‘supplex’…quomodo et apud Graecos ‘συγγνώμη7’….
C transit in u consonantem…‘ascisco8 asciui’…in g antecedente n:…‘ango9’ quoque pro ‘ancho.’
1: ·s· aile2: madocoisgedar3: sed tertiae declinationis ⁊ neutrum .i. comtherchomrac4: dobriathra[3]atachomsuidigthi frisnahí siu5: isfollus nach ·b· in ·s· in praedictis ar ni loc tairmthechtae di in ·s· sequente ·c· ꝉ t· unde subtinnio reliqua non transit in his similiter6: .i. indaṅ[4] ·s· .i. s· aduerbii ꝉ uerbi 7: .i. emnad mutæ[5]re lechdaig híc 8: docuiriur9: cumcigim
1. another s. 2. if it follows. 4. adverbs which are compounded with these (words). 5. it is obvious that b (does) not (change) into s in the aforesaid (examples), for it is not an occasion for it to pass into s when c or t follows, unde etc. 6, i.e. one of the two s’s, i.e. s of the adverb or of the verb. 7. i.e. doubling of a mute before a liquid here.
F multis modis muta magis ostenditur, cum pro p et aspiratione ponitur, quae similiter2 muta accipitur…quanquam3 antiqui Romanorum Eoles sequentes loco aspirationis eam3a ponebant, effugientes quoque ipsi aspirationem4, et maxime cum consonante recusabant eam in Latino sermone proferre. ‘Sifilum’ pro ‘sibilum5,’ teste Nonio Marcello de doctorum indagine6, dicebant.
2. to f. 3. it is a mute indeed quamquam ‘although.’ Or it is a mute quamquam ‘even though[2]’ (?). 3a. digamma or rough breathing. 4. of the Attics. 5. for the f here was digamma and b was put in its place.
↑MS. ad aslen⏑ where the ‘ad’ is a Latin gloss on the at- of attamino
H litteram non esse ostendimus sed notam aspirationis quam Graecorum antiquissimi .. in uersu scribebant1: nunc eam diuiserunt et dexteram eius partem2 supra literam ponentes3 psiles notam
[ 68 ]habent, quam Remmius Palaemon exilem4…nominat, sinistram5 autem contrarie6 aspirationis, quam Grillius flatilem7 uocat.
De q.…quae nisi eandem[1] uim haberet quam c, nunquam8…in illam transiret… Apud antiques frequentissime quu loco cu sillabae ponebatur, et e contrario9, ut ‘arquus’…
Y et z in Graecis tantummodo ponuntur dictionibus, quamuis in multis ueteres haec11 quoque motasse inueniantur et pro υ u, pro ζ uero … s uel ss uel d posuisse ut … ‘Saguntum[2],’ ‘massa’12 pro ‘Ζάκυνθος[3]’ ‘μᾶζα,’ ‘odor’13 quoque ἀπὸ τοῦ[4]ὄζειν… Ergo ‘corylus’ et ‘lympha’ ex ipsa scriptura14 a[5] Graecis sumpta[6] non est dubium.
1. among the letters, not over the letters. 2. the right half (lit. the half from the right hand). 3. it is placed with them above the letter.
[ 68 ]5. the rough breathing. 6. i.e. to the smooth breathing. 8. if it were not the same letter. 9. i.e. yet contrary-wise, for it is c instead of q above etc. 10. i.e. (when) c precedes the t. 11. i.e. their position in Greek words. 12. two s’s in place of z. 13. name of a grain[9]. 14. (because) u (occurs) in them.
↑‘vor ·ẏ· scheint mir noch ein n oder r zu erkennen; von der zwei oder drei buchstaben die vorhergiengen, ist so gut wie nichts sicher zu sehen.’ Thurneysen
Ordo quoque accidit literis, qui…quia coniunctus esse uidetur1 cum potestate elementorum, non absordum puto ei nunc illum ordinem subiungere.
Sunt igitur uocales praepositiuae aliis uocalibus subsequentibus in eisdem[1] syllabis a e o, subiunctiuae e u2, ut oe ae eu au.
Diphthongi autem dicuntur, quod3 binos ptongos4, hoc est uoces, comprehendunt. Nam singulae uocales5 suas uoces habent… In Graecis uero, quottiens huiuscemodi fiat apud nos diæresis[2]
[ 69 ]peneultimae syllabae, i pro duplici consonante accipitur6, ut ‘Μαῖα7 Maia[3].’…
1: ·i· huare as accomalta dochumachtu isairi adfét de híc 2: .i. coitchenn ·e· hiter remsuidignd ⁊ foacomol3: .i. fogor dagutæ indeogur air thechtaid[4]cachgutæ aguth nindi ⁊ it digutai bite indeogur 4: Dionysius[5] Diptongos graece dia ꝉ dios ꝉ dio duo latine ptongos sonus· diptongos ergo dualis sonus sicut dialecticus dualis dictio· asberat alii isdephtongos asmaith and .i. combad dephtoros[6]dodichsed innaleith chomsuidigthi[7] ⁊ tonos .i. sonus· dephtoros didiu binus sonus interpretatur 5: nagutai oíndai
[ 69 ]6: Cindas on · ni anse ón uaire isin diguthaigthi airdíxi dofuasilcther deogur dorruairthetar di aimsir uocalis asberr ·i· in consonante ·i· inde duplex est · · 7: .i. deogur ·a· ⁊ e
1. i.e. since it is connected with the power (of the letters), therefore he discourses of it here. 2. i.e. e is common both in anteposition and subjunction. 3. i.e. the sound of two vowels is in a diphthong, for each vowel has its (own) sound in it, and it is two vowels that are in a diphthong. 4. Others say that dephtongos is right there i.e. dephtoros (δεύτερος) would enter as half of the compound and τόνος i.e. sonus. dephtorus then etc. 5. the single vowels.
[ 69 ]6. How is this? Not hard is this: because the diphthong is resolved into two long vowels there have remained in consonante i two times of the vowel which is called i. Hence the consonant is double. 7. i.e. the diphthong of a and e.
Inuenitur tamen diphthongus, in media dictione correpta tunc, quando compositae dictionis antecedentis in fine est1 sequente uocali2, ut ‘praeustus[1].’
Et sciendum est quod pro ‘ab’ praepositione au ponitur4… …si[2] abiiciatur uocalis posita post eum, id est post u[2] consonantem, au diphtongus fiat5 u redeunte in uocalem6… Transit in o productam…ut…‘cotes’7 pro ‘cautes’…
1: .i. hi foirciunn nacetnæ rainne bis isinchomsuidigthiu 2: .i. indead indeoguir bis isinchetna sillaib 3: .i. athimmorcuin 4: postea dicit aufero aufugio dicimus ne si affero • reliqua[3]5: co beith6: .i. andonaithchuiredar ·u· iterum 7. lieic
[ 69 ]1. i.e. at the end of the first part which is in the compound. 2. i.e. after the diphthong which is in the first syllable. 3. i.e. its shortening (correptio). 5. so that it may be. 6. i.e. when u returns again.
Oe est quando per diaerisin[1] profertur in Graecis nominibus et Graecam seruant scripturam1. Aufertur ei[2], id est oe diphtongo2, altera uocalis[3] sequente e longa…necnon pro ωι3 diphthongo Graeca nos hanc, id est oe, ponimus… …ad eraitationem Boetorum4… Transit in u longam, ut ‘Phoenices[4] Punices’5…moenio6…
1: .i. ar dofuasalcat greic oe in ·u· sic latini 2. arin deogur 3: .i. oldaas a indlach ⁊ int[5]υamal greic[6] ⁊ a hairitiu ardib ɔsonaib4: inna cenelsin5: afracdæ6: daiṅgnigim
[ 69 ]1. i.e. since the Greeks resolve oe into u so do the Latins. 2. from the diphthong. 3. i.e. than its diaeresis, and the u as Greek and its assumption for two consonants. 4. of those nations. 5. African.
[ 70 ]3: med ꝉ thesc ꝉ slice4: .i. nephadnachte5: dóermamaigthetu 6: .i. praeponitur b· do ·l· síc ·c· reliqua7: dián8: sreith[2]9: .i. ní airecar ·b· na ·c· remi ·
[ 69 ]1. not so is z (i.e. z does not, as s often does, lose the force of a consonant). [ 70 ]3. a balance or a dish[3] or a shell. 4. i.e. unburied[4]. 6. i.e. b is prefixed to l: so c etc. 9. i.e. neither b nor c is found before it.
↑the reason for the dependent naich here is not clear
↑Of sreith in this sense we have no other instance. In Philarg. i srath glosses in gramine
‘agmen’1 .. Tres autem consonantes non aliter possunt iungi in principio syllabae, nisi sit prima s2 uel c uel p …. tertia 1 uel r3…ut…‘uictrix,’ ‘sceptrum4.’ Nam post pt uel ct et simul iunctas l non inuenitur…ipsa soni natura prohibente5. In fine uero dictionis contra inuenimus primam liquidam, sequentem mutam6, postremam s… uel c uel t antecedente n7…uel loco ψ Graecae bs uel ps scribere pro ratione genetiui8, ut ‘Arabs Arabis’… …tamen cognationem soni9 ad hoc10 procliuiorem esse aiunt. …euphonia superat11…
2. i.e. unless s be the first (element) in its syllable etc. 3. i.e. the third letter, therefore, in the beginning of the syllable is wont to be l or r. 4. for (combinations commencing with) c and p this now (is an example, sce‑ptrum). 5. i.e. the occurrence of l after ct, etc. 6. i.e. (contra) to a mute and a liquid after it. 7. i.e. n before c or t. 8. i.e. because it is bs or ps which occurs in the genitive. 9. i.e. both nominative and genitive, or both psi (ψ) and ps. 10. so that it may be ps that renders it.
Syllaba est comprehensio literarum consequens sub uno accentu et uno spiritu prolata; abusiue tamen etiam singularum1 uocalium sonos syllabas nominamus. A singulis tamen incipiens, non plus quam2 ad sex literas procedere syllaba potest…
Saepe inueniuntur pro duabus3 uocalibus iunctis…singulae uocales positae, ut ‘plostrum’4 pro ‘plaustrum…’
Si antecedens syllaba terminet in consonantem, necesse est1 etiam sequentem a consonante incipere… Herodianus…ostendit, rationabilius esse sonoriusque2 quantum ad ipsam uocis prolationem, in compositis quoque3 simplicium regulam…seruare.
[ 71 ]Obiicitur4 tamen huic5 illud, quod oportet ‘oblitus6’ ‘oblatus’… si b in secundam syllabam transit7 more simplicium dictionum, primam habere8 communem in metris, ut possit etiam corripi: sed hoc nunquam inuenitur9. Praeterea10 ‘circueo’ et ‘circuago’ et similia non paterentur abscisionem m in pronuntiatione si transisset in sequentem syllabam m11, nec in ‘perhibeo,’12 ‘exhibeo,’ ‘inhumatus’…et similibus secundae syllabae principalis aspiraretur uocalis13… Est tamen quando in compositis14 etiam subtrahitur consonans, ut ‘coeo, cois.’
[ 71 ]5. i.e. it is adduced in contrary (to it). 6. i.e. that it should make o and blitus etc. [in marg.] i.e. ob and livitus and by syncope litus etc. if it is so[3]. 7. i.e. the passing of b into the beginning of the syllable. 8. that they should have. 9. (it is not found) that b should pass into the second syllable in these (words), for they are compounds. 10. i.e. besides those (words) which he has (already) mentioned, i.e. oblitus etc. 11. another objection this. 13. i.e. for there cannot be aspiration before x and n, etc. 14. i.e. so that they often preserve the law of the simple (words).
Principales syllabae…ab omnibus incipere literis, desinere tamen non in omnes possunt sed in has: uocales quidem omnes, a quacumque consonante1 incipiat sequens syllaba.…in dictionibus, quae …aliis partibus orationis sint compositae, ut…2 alterutrum3. Nec tamen, si sequens a consonante incipiet, licet antecedenti in quancumque4 consonantem desinere…
In b inuenitur syllaba desinens, si sequens quoque ab eadem incipiat, ut ‘Subburra,’5 ‘gibbus,’6 ‘gibber,’7 ‘gibberosus.’8… Quae tamen consonans c sequente solet in eam motari plerunque, ut .. ‘occumbo’9.. ‘succido’10… ‘Ob’ quoque est quando assumit s, cum praeponitur cum dictione a c incipiente, ut .. ‘obscenus’11.
1: .i. ní ecen aḟorcomét adi2: Alterutrum .i. indalanai · lactantius dicit. Utrum anima patre an matre an ex utroque generatur neque ab utroque neque ex alterutro seruntur animae 3: .i. hithé sin inaranna aili asrubart tuas · ⏑ 4: .i. ní hicach ɔsoin ɔosna5: .i. ingor[1]6: .i. túithlae7: .i. cnocc8: .i. cnocach9: .i. ob ⁊ cumbo ⁊ níbí acumbo hísin in diuitius con ·m· sed cubo ·as· reliqua · 10: .i. sub ⁊ caedo .i. dofuibnimm11: .i. ob ⁊ caenum .i. loth[2]reliqua
1. i.e. it is not necessary to observe this. 3. i.e. those are the other parts which he has mentioned above. 4. i.e. not in every consonant does it end. 5. i.e. an anchor. 6. i.e. a swelling. 7. i.e. a lump. 8. i.e. lumpy. 9. i.e. ob and cumbo, and that cumbo does not occur in simplicity with m, but cubo, cubas etc.
in quibusdam autem manet immutabilis, ut ‘abrogo,’2 ‘abrado,’ et puto differentiae causa ne, si ‘arrogo’ et ‘arrado’ dicamus, dubium sit, ‘ab’ an ‘ad’ praepositio sit3 quae mutauit suam consonantem in r. …‘abdo’4…‘abluo’5…‘obnitor’6…
2. i.e. I break (a bargain), or I do not ordain, or I arrogate. 3. whether it is. 10. a kind of stone, i.e. which he records hereafter[2]. 12. i.e. more in accordance with rule is its mutation than its permanence. 13. i.e. from assideo etc.
Errore tamen scriptorum hoc fieri puto1 quam ratione : nam quae sit differentia2 euphoniae3 ut, cum eadem consonans sit sequens, in aliis transferatur d, in aliis non4, scire tamen non possum…
1: .i. uarietas immutationis ⁊ mutationis uel hoc .i. cen achomthóud ·d· quod uerius est· 2: cidechor[1] .i. ar ni dechor ṁbindiusa[2]file híc sed error scriptorum 3: bindiusa4: .i. ut non transferatur ꝉ non .i. naico[3]nícumscaigther ·d· in aliis dictionibus[4]
1. i.e. without the change of d, quod etc. 2. what is the difference, i.e. because there is no difference of euphony here, sed etc. 4. i.e. no! d is not changed in other words.
L quacumque consonante sequente potest antecedentem terminare syllabam, ut.. ‘ulcus1’…‘mulxi.’2 Q et r solis sequentibus non inueni antecedentem l; nam h et k non possunt post banc inueniri3.
In n terminatur antecedens syllaba sequentibus c uel f uel g uel altera n uel q uel r…uel s uel t5…ut…‘mancus,’6… …‘con’ praepositio ante dictionem ab r incipientem componitur, hoc idem patitur7…
1: cnocc2: do ommalgg3: is airdircu epirt limmson · 4: .i. proprium nomen regis ut orosius[1] narrat · ꝉ nomen uestis caimmse5: .i. ordd abbgitir dorat forsna ɔsona6: .i. baclam .i. manu captus 7: acomthoud in ·r·[2]
5. I consecrate. 9. high-holder, for arcon in Greek means excelsus. 10. this (is the) order of the alphabet. 13. a writer[5]. 16. like the African lamp.
Tamen in metro1 necesse est unamquamque syllabam uel unius uel duorum accipi temporum.
Dictio est pars minima2 orationis constructae3, id est in ordinem compositae4: pars autem, quantum5 ad totum intelligendum…hoc autem ideo dictum est, ne quis conetur ‘uires’ in duas partes diuidere6, hoc est in ‘ui’ et ‘res’… Non enim ad totum intelligendum7 haec fit diuisio.
[ 74 ]Differt autem dictio a syllaba non solum quod syllaba pars est8 dictionis, sed etiam quod dictio dicendum9, hoc est intellegendum10, aliquid habet. Syllaba autem non omni modo11 aliquid significat per se: ergo monosyllabae dictiones quodammodo12 esse et syllabae13, non tamen sincoere14… Unde si dicam15 ‘a’ per se scio esse syllabam nec tempora16 tamen eius…nec significationem17 agnosco… Nam in ‘ara18’ deorum…
1: .i. fri toimsidetaid metair2: .i. hicoindeulgg inna innsce óge3: cen dualchi4: inordd cóir5: .i. minima .i. is rannsi ám orationis 6: .i. ɔepred iarum is pars minima orationis cechtar inda leithe sin .i. uí· ⁊ res· ar is pars minima dictionis syllaba ní pars orationis · · ⏑ 7: .i. do láni chétbutho inna huilæ insce · ·
1. i.e. for the measurement of metre. 2. i.e. in comparison with the complete discourse. 3. without vices. 4. into proper order. 5. i.e. it is verily a part of speech. 6. i.e. that he then should say, each of those two parts vi- and ‑res is pars minima orationis, for a syllable is pars minima dictionis and not pars orationis. 7. i.e. for the fulness of meaning of the whole discourse (dictio).
[ 74 ]8. i.e. because it is a part. 9. i.e. it should be to be said. 10. i.e. the word expresses substance. 11. i.e. in any way at all. 12. i.e. in another way (quodammodo) to syllables that signify no substance. 13. i.e. this is the simple syllable, a syllable in the body of a part (of speech), and which does not express a substance. 14. No syllable by itself expresses a substance, unless it be a syllable which is able to be a part of speech. 16. i.e. what times may be in it. 17. i.e. (I know not) what substance it signifies.
cum autem significat stabulum porcorum1 eadem a sillaba peneultima2 corripitur et acuitur et habet aspirationem; haec eadem ‘a,’ quando est praepositio, grauatur3…. Vides ergo per se ipsum syllabam4 difficere praedictorum ratione nec aliter posse examosin5 tractari6, nisi posita in dictione sit.
Oratio est ordinatio dictionum7 congrua8, sententiam perfectam9 demonstrans. Est autem haec diffinitio orationis eius, quae generalis est, id est quae in species seu in partes diuiditur10. Nam oratio11 dicitur etiam liber rethoricus…
…responsa[1]12…‘honestas’13… .. articulos, quibus nos caremus14.
1. i.e. pig-sty. 3. i.e. when it is in apposition. 4. i.e. the simple syllable which does not denote a substance. 5. i.e. abundantly. 6. i.e. so that it might be said what accent and what certain time it hath, etc. 7. i.e. of the words. 8. without flaw, without fault. 9. i.e. with fulness of sense. 10. i.e. simple (gracilis) and beautiful. 11. here he shews how far the word oratio extends in greatness and in smallness. 14. i.e. their character has not come to us,
… illos adhuc sequimur Latini1 quamuis integros in nostra non inuenimus lingua articulos2. Nam cum dicimus3 ‘idem’ ὁ αὐτός[1], non solum articulum praepositiuum, sed etiam pronomen in eadem dictione significamus4. .…secundum quosdam infinite siue magis nomine5..
His alii addebant etiam uocabulum et interiectionem apud Graecos6.
Igitur non aliter7 possunt a se discerni8 partes orationis, nisi uniuscuiusque9 proprietatis significationem[2] attendamus.
Proprium10 est nominis11 substantiam et qualitatem significare. Hoc habet etiam appellatio12 et uocabulum: ergo trea una pars est orationis13.
Proprium14 uerbi actionem uel passionem siue utrumque…sine casu significare. Hoc habent etiam infinita15, quare non sunt separanda16 a uerbo17.
1. i.e. we ourselves. 2. because their character has not come to us, although we express[6] their sense by means of pronouns. 3. it is clear that with us the article is not of much account. 4. i.e. for we translate. 5. i.e. it is better to make a noun of it[7]. 6. i.e. the interjection, which is not a part of speech with the Greeks, sed etc., erroneous persons of the Greeks reckon it with the parts of speech because it is a part of speech with the Latins. 7. of the law then, of those many opinions, it is of this that he says[8]igitur; as if he had said; there is nothing on which my law does not touch[9] after the erroneous ones. 8. i.e. so that their difference may be known. 9. unless we see a different meaning of every part (of speech). 10. i.e. its peculiarity. 11. i.e. of the proper name. 12. i.e. a signification of substance and quality[10], (just) as the proper name signifies it. 13. i.e. these three parts (of speech) it is one part that they express. 14. i.e. its peculiarity. 15. i.e. a signification of action or passion etc. 16. i.e. because they signify action and passion. 17. i.e. they are to be reckoned with the verb.
Proprium est pronominis1 pro aliquo nomine proprio poni et certas personas significare. Ergo ‘quis’ et ‘qualis’ et ‘talis’ et ‘quantus’ …quae sunt…‘redditiua,’2 magis nomina sunt appellanda quam pronomina…substantiam…et qualitatem3, quamuis generalem4, quod5 est suum nominis6, habent: nomina sunt igitur dicenda, quamuis7 declinationem pronominum habent quaedam ex eis. Non enim declinatio, sed uis et significatio8 uniuscuiusque partis est contemplanda: indifferenter enim9 multa et10 nomina modo pronominum et pronomina modo nominum inuenimus declinanda. Quod si declinatio facit iudicium[1]11 qualis12 sit dictio13 debent…participia14 in his putari… Ergo non declinatio, sed proprietas, est excutienda15 significationis16.
…summatim17 de ceterarum quoque partium proprietate orationis percurrere.
Hoc ergo inter aduerbium et praepositionem est18, quod
[ 77 ]aduerbium et sine cassualibus potest praeponi et postponi uerbis et cum cassualibus…Terentius in Adelphis:
1. i.e. this is the peculiarity of the pronoun, that it is put for a proper noun, not, indeed, that it is not put for an appellative noun. 2. i.e. redditives, because they render an answer to the question, that is, they resolve the question which is asked by quis and qualis and quantus. 3. i.e. qualis and talis: (they have) the quality of that substance. 4. i.e. general, both good and bad. 6. i.e. the peculiarity of a noun, to denote substance without determining person. 7. i.e. quis and qui (follow the pronominal declension), for the rest, qualis and talis are (declined) according to the nominal declension. 8. i.e. the substance and the sense. 9. i.e. there is no difference between the declension of nouns and of pronouns. 10. also. 11. if it is this that the part (of speech) expresses. 12. i.e. what particularity[5] resides in it. 13. i.e. what part (of speech) will be made of it. 14. for they have the nominal declension. 16. of the meaning. 17. numerically or briefly. 18. i.e. between the adverb which can be an adverb and a preposition. Or between any adverb whatsoever and a preposition, if some have thought that they are one part (of speech).
…si dicam ‘non bonus homo’ pro ‘malus,’ subaudio ‘est2.’
Praepositionis autem proprium separatim quidem per appositionem3 casualibus praeponi, ut ‘de rege’ .. coniunctim uero per compositionem tam4 cum habentibus casus quam5 etiam cum non habentibus casus…
…‘uel Terentius uel Cicero6’… …praepositio casualibus separata7 praeponitur semper, coniunctio uero omnibus potest dictionibus modo8 praeposita modo postposita coniungi.
Nomen9 est pars orationis, quae unicuique subiectorum corporum10 seu rerum11 communem uel propriam qualitatem distribuit12. Dicitur13 autem nomen14 uel a Graeco, quod est ‘νομα15’ et adiecta o ‘ὄνομα[1],’ dictum a16 tribuendo17 quod νέμειν[2]18 dicunt, uel, ut alii,
1. i.e. for an adverb in anteposition. 2. i.e. est, i.e. an est is understood. 3. i.e. by apposition, to signify a single conception. 4. as much with those (that have). 5. as. 6. i.e. it is one of the two. 7. in apposition. 9. i.e. definition of (the) substance. 10. i.e. of gross and subtle. 11. i.e. of incorporeal (things). 13. definition of (the) word. 14. i.e. an imparting. 15. i.e. the etymology he sets forth here from the Greek word νόμα, i.e. nomen (comes) from it. 16. i.e. (it is) a gerund. 17. i.e. from imparting. 18. i.e. a Greek gerund.
nomen quasi notamen, quod hoc notamus nomine uniuscuiusque substantiae qualitatem1. Et communem quidem corporum qualitatem2 demonstrat, ut ‘homo’…rerum3 communem, ut ‘disciplina’…
[ 78 ]Species sunt communes tam propriorum quam appellatiuorum duae, principalis et diriuatiua4. …ut ‘Iulius5’…
Nam propria habent species separatim quattuor: praenomen, nomen, cognomen, agnomen6. Praenomen est, quod praeponitur nomini uel differentiae causa7 uel quod[1] tempore, quo Sabinos Romani asciuerunt8 ciuitati ad confirmandam coniunctionem9 nomina illorum suis praeponebant nominibus et inuicem Sabini Romanorum.10
Et notantur11 uel singulis literis12 uel binis uel ternis. Idque fit differentiae causa13…. Unde in ‘Marco’ ‘M.’ solam scribimus14…quia nullus error fit15. Nomen16 est proprie uniuscuiusque suum17,18 ut ‘Paulus’; cognomen cognationis19 commune, ut ‘Scipio20’; agnomen est quod ab aliquo euentu21 imponitur, ut ‘Africanus,’ ‘Issauricus.’
1: .i. inne indḟebtad ꝉ indḟolaid asbeir híc inne dilse ꝉ doacaldmaiche asbeir innadead quando dicit et communem quidem reliqua2: indinne issi as coitchenn folad duine huile[2] ·· 3: indúlib ní hisonaib atá in dilse ꝉ indoacaldmaiche
[ 78 ]4: .i. ataat chétnaidi ⁊ dirudigthi hindilsi ataat dano in doacaldmaichi 5: .i. ainm inchoisc ceníuil6: .i. issed acognomen són alsnafiru aili reliqua7: .i. ardechor etir da ṅainmm cosmaili8: .i. dochathraraib dóib hisinchathir9: .i. is do remisuidigddis do accomol innacairddine ⁊ ind oentath · · 10: .i. Dagnítis dano intṡabindai anísin immenetor .i. nosuidigtis nomina romanorum ante nominibus suís · · 11: .i. notaitir12: .i. robu óenlitrib13: .i. dodechor fri praenomna[3]aili14: .i. huare nádfail praenomen friandechraiged[4]15: .i. cith ·m· namma scríbthar and huare náddeligedar fri praenomen cosmail do · · 16: .i. nomen saindíles cachoenḟolaid17: .i. aṅái18: Aní as nomen lasna littridi aili is cognomen són lapriscien aní as cognomen leosom is nomen són leissem19: .i. inchoibnis20: .i. coitchen diachoibnius .i. domaccaib ⁊ auib .i. scipio .i. scipide · · 21: .i. uathecmungg gnímo
1. i.e. the quality of the property or of the substance he declares here: the quality of propriety or appellativity he declares afterwards, quando dicit etc. 2. the quality is this, whereby every one has a common substance. 3. in elements, not in words, is the propriety or the appellativity.
[ 78 ]4. i.e. there are primitives and derivatives in propriety: there are also in appellativity. 5. i.e. a name signifying family (gens). 6. i.e. this is the cognomen with other (learned) men, etc. 7. i.e. for distinguishing between two similar nouns. 8. i.e. for citizens of theirs in the city. 9. i.e. for this (reason) they used to set it before for the junction of the friendship and the unity. 10. i.e. the Sabines also used to do this in turn, i.e. they used to put names of the Romans before their own names. 12. i.e. either[5] by single letters. 13. i.e. to distinguish from other praenomina. 14. i.e. because there is no praenomen for it to differ from. 15. i.e. even if m only is written there: because it does not distinguish from (another) praenomen like it. 16. i.e. a peculiar nomen of every single substance. 18. that which is nomen with other authors, this is cognomen with Priscian: that which is cognomen with them, is nomen with him. 20. i.e. common to his relatives, i.e. to sons and grandsons, i.e. Scipio, i.e. Scipian. 21. i.e. by accident of fact.
↑perhaps a verb (asbeir?) has fallen out before as: ‘the quality, it is it which declares that all man is of common substance’; for as coitchenn folad might then be compared bammo brón, Ml. 86d6, and KZ. xxxv 399 sq.
↑leg. praenomina? or is the word inflected as Irish? cf. pronoibneib Sg. 200b6, pronomen 201a5
Inuenimus tamen multa in his quattuor speciebus propriorum nominum inuicem pro se possita1, et quae in aliis personis sunt praenomina2
[ 79 ]haec in aliis loco nominum3 accipiuntur… Similiter in aliis loco cognominum4 aliorum cognomina uel contra….
Hoc autem interest inter proprium et appellatiuum quod appellatiuum naturaliter commune est multorum5 quos eadem substantia siue qualitas6 siue quantitas7 generalis uel specialis8 iungit: generalis9, ut ‘animal,’ ‘corpus10’ ‘uirtus11’; specialis12, ut… ‘albus’ ‘niger13,’ ‘magnus,’ ‘breuis14.’
Haec enim15 quoque, quae a qualitate uel a quantitate sumuntur speciali, id est adiectiua, modo a generali modo a speciali qualitate uel quantitate nascuntur naturaliter communia sunt multorum: adiectiua autem ideo uocantur, quod aliis appellatiuis16, quae substantiam significant, uel etiam propriis adiici solent ad manifestandam eorum17 qualitatem18 uel quantitatem, quae augeri uel minui19 sine substantiae consumptione20 possunt…
Proprium uero naturaliter uniuscuiusque priuatam21 substantiam qualitatemque significat et in rebus est indiuiduis22 quae philosophi atoma23 uocant, ut ‘Plato,’ ‘Socrates.’ Itaque communione naturali
[ 78 ]1. i.e. that each of them is put for another. 2. i.e. in different persons, i.e. different persons here.
[ 79 ]3. i.e. (in place) of the names of cognition. 4. i.e. in place of the nouns which signify family. 5. i.e. the substance, this is what abates (?) the commonness in the noun. 6. i.e. whether it be good or bad, beautiful or ugly. 7. i.e. whether it be small or great. 8. i.e. these two (attributes) (generalis and specialis) are connected with each of them (qualitas and quantitas). 9. i.e. to every animal. 10. to every body. 11. for every strength. 12. i.e. for special generality. 13. for quality, these two. 14. for quantity, these two. 15. i.e. a mental answer etc. 16. i.e. to substantives. 17. i.e. of the nouns adjective. 18. the nouns substantive then, it is they that are added to the nouns adjective to complete and manifest quality in them, sicut etc. 19. i.e. without end of the same substance. 20. the same substance does not perish: it is the substance of a man whether it be diminished therein or increased. 21. deprived. 22. i.e. which are not divided to signify many substances. 23. indivisibles.
[ 80 ]24. to signify many.
…fortuitu1…. Et in proprio etiam appellatiua intellegi possunt2, ut, si dicam ‘Virgilium3,’ intellego hominem et poetam, in appellatiuis autem propria non intelleguntur .. nisi per excellentiam4 loco proprii in quibusdam personis accipiantur, ut ‘poeta’ pro5 ‘Virgilius’ et ‘urbs’ pro ‘Roma.’
…alia incorporalia in appellatiuis, ut ‘uirtus6’ dea7 et ‘pudicitia’ Penelopae8. Omonima9 quoque tam in propriis quam in appellatiuis inueniuntur, ut….‘nepos10’ filius filii… Inueniuntur tamen quaedam omonima eadem propria et appellatiua, ut ‘Magnus Pompeius11’… Sinonima12…
1. i.e. accidentally, i.e. it happens thus. 2. i.e. appellative nouns (can) be signified by proper names. 3. when ‘Vergil’ is said, it is understood that he is a human being and a poet: therefrom is appellativity understood through propriety. 4. i.e. through the preeminence of the man or the city. 5. i.e. in place of. 6. i.e. common to every strength. 7. i.e. nomen of a goddess. 8. i.e. it has fallen into propriety[3] to her (Penelope), so that Pudicitia is a name of hers. 9. i.e. homonyms, etc. 11. out of the magnus this pair is formed, viz. the proper and the appellative. 12. i.e. synonyms etc. 13. i.e. which are.
nominibus appellatiuis1 inueniuntur. …comprehensiuum2..
accidens uero, id est suum uniuscuiusque3, ut ‘niger coruus4’ et ‘altum5 mare.’ Inueniuntur tamen etiam in propriis quaedam huiuscemodi6, ut ‘Gradiuus Mars7’….nec egent adiectione aliorum nominum8 quomodo communia adiectiua9.
[ 81 ]Ad aliquid dictum est, quod sine intellectu illius10, ad quod dictum est, proferri non potest, ut ‘filius,’ ‘seruus,’ nam dicendo11 filium patrem etiam12 et dicendo seruum dominum quoque13 intellego. Quod sí intereat14, interimit una illud quod ab eo intelligitur.
Quasi15 ad aliquid dictum est16, quod, quamuis habeat aliquid contrarium17 et quasi semper adhaerens18, tamen non ab ipso nomine19 significat
1. ahead. 2. i.e. because it comprehends under many forms the denominative. 3. i.e. its own, i.e. what is proper to it. 5. deep. 6. i.e. as there are adjectives with their many varieties in appellativity so there are in propriety[3]. 7. i.e. it has fallen into propriety to Mars. 8. i.e. except the proper names, to which they are added here only. 9, i.e. appellatives. [ 81 ]10. i.e. for it will not exist unless there exist that from which it is recognised and named. 11. i.e. when I say. 12. that he has a father. 13. i.e. that he has a lord. 14. i.e. unless it exist. 15. i.e. it is a mere adherence (somewhat similar): hence he says quasi. 16. i.e. it is quasi ad aliquid is said of them, because each of the two can be apart from the other. 17. i.e. although there is opposition between them. 18. i.e. it is a mere adherence because each of the two can be apart from the other. 19. i.e. which it has, ut dies.
↑MS. ‑ter; according to Thurneysen ai is no longer legible
etiam illud1: neque enim ex illo nominationem accipit2…nam quamuís intereat3, nec interimit4 secum etiam illud quod ei adhaerere intellegitur.
In propriis quoque hanc uim habent5 dionima6 uel trionima uel tetraonima7 ut ‘P. Cornilius Scipio Africanus.’
Interrogatiuum est, quod cum interrogatione profertur, ut ‘quis,’ ‘qualis7a,’ ‘quantus,’ ‘quot,’ ‘quotus,’ cum suos seruant accentus8.
Infinitum est interrogatiuo contrarium9, ut ‘quis,’ ‘qualis,’ ‘quantus10,’ ‘quot11,’ cum in lectione graui accentu pronuntiantur12.
[ 82 ]Possunt tamen haec eadem et relatiua esse13 et similitudinis14, sicut etiam15 ‘talis,’ ‘tantus,’ ‘totus,’ ‘tot’: haec tamen etiani redditiua dicuntur16. …huiuscemodi nomina uel substantiae sunt infinitae atque communis, ut ‘quis,’ ‘qui’; uel qualitatis17, ut ‘qualis,’ .… uel numeri18, ut ‘quot’… Sed incongruum19 uidetur…nos Apollonii et Herodiani…uestigia relinquere20..
1. i.e. that from which it would be named. 2. it expresses its proper nature, without the aid of the other name. 3. i.e. though one of the two perish the other does not perish. 4. i.e. it does not destroy. 5. i.e. the naming of one substance by many names. 6. i.e. dionyma. 7. i.e. ’tis for this he gives an example. 7a. i.e. (accented with) a circumflex. 8. i.e. it seems to us that it is the acute, except (on) qualis, and that it is the circumflex on this. 9. i.e. indefiniteness in them, without interrogation. 10. i.e. ’tis how much. 11. i.e. number etc. 12. i.e. in construction and in order of reading (in a connected text?). [ 82 ]13. i.e. responsives, i.e. resolutives to interrogatives. 14. i.e. quantus, i.e. it is how much or, for example, qualis of this quality; yet that is relatiuum, it assimilates one quality to another[2]. 15. i.e. this is certain. 16. i.e. ‘redditives’ is another name for them. 17. i.e. it happens to that substance. 18. i.e. it happens to the substance. 20. not to follow them.
Patronomicum5…quod significat cum genitiuo primitiui filius uel nepos. Et hac forma6 poetae maxime solent uti, pro qua7 Romani cognominibus familiarum utuntur8, ut sunt ‘Marcelli9,’ ‘Cornilii10’… quicunque eiusdem familiae11 sunt, sicut12 omnes minores13 Thessei14 ‘Thessidas’ Graeci uocant….unde Virgilius… dixit ‘Scipiades15.’ Necnon etiam possessiua loco patronomicorum16
1. i.e. the facticious, i.e. nomen etc. 3. tinn-tin, the sound from which tintinabulum is formed. 4. i.e. absolved, from the addition of another noun to it to express its meaning. 5. i.e. the meaning of the genitive of the primitive noun with the addition to it of filius or nepos, this is what is (found) in the patronymic[3]. 8. i.e. a name signifying kindred, this is with the Latins in lieu of the patronymics with the Greeks. 11. i.e. of the family of Cornelius or Marcellus. 12. i.e. sons and grandsons etc.: it is clear in this place that a patronymic goes further than sons and grandsons etc. 13. i.e. who are younger. 16. i.e. in place of a patronymic noun[4].
inuenimus apud Latinos usurpata, ut ‘Emilianus Scipio2’ pro Emelii filius, et ‘Octauianus Caesar3.’ Inueniuntur quaedam nomina formae4 patronymicorum significatione denominatiua5, ut ‘Euripides’ non Euripi filius sed ab Eurupo6 sic nominatus est. Et in omnibus fere speciebus nominum7 inuenimus eiusdem formae etiam propria, quae8 tamen amittunt appellatiuorum significationem, ut ‘magnus9’ adiectiuum et proprium…
..abusiue etiam a matribus…patronymica solere formari, ut ‘Latonides’ id est Latonois[1], id est Latonae, filius Apollo10, et ‘Iliades,’ Iliae filius Romulus11. Ab auis quoque maternis12.… ‘Inachides13’ filius Ionis Epaphus14, quae filia fuit Inachi15.
[2]2: .i. inscip emelendae .i. macc emelii3: .i. in caesar octauienda .i. octauiani filius fuit caesar ⁊ non est filius octauiae adeilb atreibthig arberar anaitherrechthe ⁊ pro patronymico híc est 4: .i. in des 5: .i. derét ailiu roainmnichthe .i. deainmmnichthi .i. ab aliis nominibus ⁊ non a nominibus patronymicis6: .i. diairisin[3]doratad foir anainmm sin ar[4]issed laithe insin roṅgenairsom ní airindi roṅgenad som isind luc sin · · · 7: bíit anmmann dílsi hicach ṅdeilb ⁊ hicach tarmorcenn imbiat anmmann doacaldmacha · 8: .i. intan ata ṅdílsi9: .i. már .i. magnus ciuis 10. .i. ishé apoill insin11: .i. ishé romuil12: .i. huathraib amáthar13: .i. ind inachda14: .i. ishé epachus insin15: .i. athair amáthar inachus
2. i.e. the Aemilian Scipio i.e. son of Aemilius. 3. i.e. the Octavian Caesar i.e. Caesar was son of Octavianus, etc. From the possessive form the patronymic is derived, and it is here for the patronymic. 5. i.e. from another thing they have been named, i.e. denominatives etc. 6. i.e. ’tis therefore that name was given to him (Euripides), because that is the day on which he was born, not because he was born in that place. 7. there are proper nouns into every type and into every termination into which there are appellative nouns. 8. i.e. when they are proper. 10. i.e. that is Apollo. 11. i.e. it is Romulus. 12. i.e. from their mother's fathers. 14. i.e. that is Epaphus. 15. i.e. Inachus was his mother’s father.
↑Ascoli’s 1. ‑ani is the ending of octauiani in the next line
↑leg. isairisin. Or, if we read is di airisin, translate “’tis from history (airisin, abl. sg. of airisiu, gen. airissen Sg. 106b15) that this name was given him”; cf. the preceding gloss: de rét ailiu ro ainmnigthe
A fratribus ‘Phetontides10,’ unde femininum ‘Phetontis11.’ ‘Phetontiadas’ tamen dixit pro ‘Phetontidas’ poetica licentia12.
Sunt igitur patronymicorum formae apud Graecos tres: in ‘des’ quae dicitur communis apud illos13, quod in omni sermone possunt hac uti14… Nam in[1] aliis duobus non utuntur, id est in ‘ων’ terminata, quae est propria linguae Iadis15—‘Πελείων16’ pro ‘Pelides[2]17’— et in ‘adios’ quae est ‘Eolica18’ ut ‘Phirradios19’… De hac igitur forma20 dicendum est…
..nam ‘Aenides’ magis contra regulam auctoritate poetica posuit Virgilius, e et a correptas in i productam conuertens, uel quasi ab ‘Aeneus’ ‘Aenides21’ sicut a ‘Peleus’ ‘Pelides22’..
[ 84 ]8: .i. dochumtúth[4]asóere9: .i. bat10: .i. infetontide .i. frater fetontis .i. aitherrechtaigthe masculindae obrathir11: .i. tre indarpae · de · as in mascul12: .i. issí poetica licentia and tormach inna á · tantum ⁊ nífil imchloud cenéiuil nadiill and ut erratici putant .i. mael ⏑ ⁊ cua ⏑13: .i. docach bélru fil lagrecu ⁊ docach ceníul14: .i. forma in des · 15: .i. in cheniuil sin16: .i. inpélecdae pelei filius17: .i. dogluaiss ar is meinciu dúnni anaitherrechtaigthe in des · 18: .i. eolensta19: inphirde20: in des 21: .i. bariagolda anainmmsin[5]arachúl[6]manubed[7] quia non fit do anmimm díles22: .i. Amal bid cognomen do aeneus ⁊ nirbu cognomen challéic acht darigni amin síc peleus reliqua
1. i.e. the Theseids etc. 2. i.e. Cecrops has built the city, and of the children of Theseus were they, i.e. of the Greeks were they all. 5. Romulus has built the city : from Aeneas the Romans have descended. 6. i.e. Romans all. 7. i.e. when they were ordered.
[ 84 ]8. i.e. to preserve (?) their freedom. 9. …. 10. i.e. the Phetontid, i.e. the brother of Pheton, i.e. a masculine patronymic from (the name of) a brother. 11. i.e. through ejecting ‑de from the masculine. 12. i.e. this is the poetic license there, the adding of the a only, and there is no change of gender or declension in it, as the blunderers, i.e. Mael… and Cua… suppose. 13. i.e. to every dialect among the Greeks, and to every nation. 15. i.e. of that nation. 16. i.e. the Pelidian. 17. i.e. (he adds Pelides) for a gloss, for the patronymic in ‑des is more familiar to us. 21. i.e. that name (Aeneus) would be regular behind it (Aeneades), if it existed, for it is not found as[8] a proper name. 22. i.e. As though Aeneus were cognomen to it (Aeneides), and yet it was not cognomen, but (the poet) made it thus: so (is) Peleus etc.
‘Deucalides6a’ pro ‘Deucalionides,’ et ‘Scipiades’ pro ‘Scipionides7’… ‘Demades’ per sinarisin8 pro ‘Demeades’… ‘Euerides’ etiam et ‘Lycomedides’ apud Graecos contra regulam9 paenultimam dipthongum habent…
1. i.e. as if it were, yet it is not, for by one syllable the patronymic increases beyond that cognomen, if it existed. By two syllables, however it increases beyond Anchises.
[ 85 ]2. i.e. this, however, is a rule. 3. i.e. ‑ôs is changed into ‑ides so that it makes Peleides afterwards, and after this Pelides. 6. i.e. the Epimethis (in the accusative). 8. i.e. through the combination of the two temporalities of the two vowels. 9. i.e. for there is no diphthong in the cognomina from which they are.
↑aitheirechtaigthe ita fictum videtur ut paterno iuri proprium (athr-recht) i.e. patronomicum significaret, Asc. Gl. 50. The glossator may have derived the latter part of patronymicus from νόμος. Hence the recht
..si masculina i longam habuerunt ante ‘des’ per sinarisin1, apud Latinos in ‘eis’ diuisas tamen faciunt feminina..
In ‘né2’ autem desinentia quae sunt Iadis linguae3, patronymica eiusdem generis i longam habent paenultimam, si principale4 non habuerit eandem i uoealem…
1: .i. treaccomul · e · i indeogur 2: Ní huaitherrechtaigthib masculindaib bíit inna aitherrechtaigthi in ne · acht is ó cognominibus3: .i. incheníuilsin4: .i. acognomen hombí5: .i. daua as maith lialaailiu and ní fitemmar can doberr6: .i. hunaib[2]aitrebthidib acrisiondaib ammuntarsidi adrothrebsi lee ithe conrótgatar incathraig · 7: .i. uand aitherrechtaigthiu atá anaitrebthach .i. acrisioneus ishé aḟoxlaid ilair sidi fil sunt ·8: .i. apropir son
1. i.e. by the combination of e and i in a diphthong. 2. Not from masculine patronymics are the (feminine) patronymics in ‑ne, but from cognomina. 3. i.e. of that nation. 4. i.e. the cognomen from which it comes. 5. i.e. (’tis) daua that some like here; we know not whence it is brought. 6. i.e. by the Acrisionian inhabitants: her folk whom she (Danae) had (lit. possessed) with her, ’tis they that built the city (of Ardea). 7. i.e. from the patronymic (Acrisione) comes the possessive, i.e. Acrisioneus: it is its ablative plural which is here. 8. i.e. that is her proper name.
[ 86 ]9. i.e. names signifying race. 10. i.e. the Colchian. 11. i.e. the Grecian. 12. i.e. the Cyclasian. 13. i.e. the Trojan. 14. this is strictly proper names as appellatives: they can be proper and be patronymics. 15. i.e. of the primitive from which is the possessive.
.. patronymica filios uel nepotes significant, possessiua autem non solum filios, sed omnia quae possunt esse in posesione1. Fiunt igitur possessiua uel a nominibus, ut ‘Caesar2 Cæsareus3’…et uel mobilia sunt, ut ‘Martius4 Martia Martium’ uel fixa5, ut ‘sacrarium6,’ ‘armarium7,’ ‘donarium8.’
Possessiua autem dicimus…quae formam habent possesiuorum9. Sunt enim quaedam gentilia similem possessiuis habentia formam, ut ‘Romanus’ ciuis gentile10 et ‘Romanus’ ager posesiuum11, quaedam autem eadem et propria et gentilia et possesiua12, ut … ‘Latinus’ ciuis13 et ‘Latinus’ ager14; alia tantummodo propria15 formae
[ 87 ]sessiuae16, ut ‘Quintilianus17,’ .. ‘Iulianus’; alia loco patronymicorum posita…ut ‘Emilianus18’ Scipio .. Ex eadem forma19 agnomina19a quoque multa inuenies, ut ‘Africanus20,’ ‘Persicus21’ … Alia autem sunt eiusdem diriuationis22 quae ex materia principalium23 constare significantur…alia ex morbis, ut ‘cardiacus24’; alia a professionibus25, ut ‘mechannicus26, 27,’ ‘grammaticus28’; alia a disciplinis, ut ‘Aristotelicus29,’ ‘Socraticus30,’ ‘rethoricus31’; alia quae primitiuorum similem possunt habere significationem32,
1. i.e. that which he possesses. 2. i.e. who destroys every one. 3. i.e. because he possesses destruction. 4. i.e. because he possesses the worship of Mars. 5. i.e. without distinction of gender. 6. i.e. sanctuary: because it possesses holy things therein. 7. i.e. an armoury, because it possesses arms therein. 8. i.e. because it possesses treasures therein. 9. i.e. as regards terminations. 10. i.e. common and general to every citizen of the Romans. 11. i.e. the Roman territory, because Romans dwell there. 12. i.e. they can be these three things. 13. i.e. every man of the Children of Latinus. 14. i.e. because Latins dwell there. 15. i.e. as regards terminations, and they are not possessives, etc.
[ 87 ]16. i.e. Otherwise tantummodo propria; they cannot be gentilia, but they may be possessiva and propria. 17. i.e. similarity of a derivative, 18. i.e. Aemilian, i.e. son of Aemilius as if Aemilides were there. 19. i.e. possessiva. 19a. they are expressed by the same termination, i.e. possessives and agnomina. 20. i.e. because he possesses Africa etc. 21. i.e. because he possesses Persia etc. 22. i.e. as possessives. 23. i.e. of the primitives from which they are derived. 24. i.e. because he has cardiaca, a kind of pain. 25. i.e. from professions of the arts which they practise and profess. 26, 27. i.e. because he possesses that art, of the science called mêchanicê. 28. i.e. because he possesses the art of literature. 29. i.e. because he possesses the character of Aristotle. 30. i.e. because he possesses the character of Socrates. 31. i.e. because he possesses eloquence. 32. their substance.
↑the scribe wrote asorcuin, and then altered the a to æ
… ‘Libycus,’ quod solum y ante ‘cus’ habens inuenitur quod a principali2 accepit. … ‘mulio mulionis3 mulionicus4,’ Cicero pro Sestio[1]: mulionicam paenolam5.
[ 88 ].. ‘illigneus6,’ tamen et ‘iliceus7’ dicitur: Terentius in Adelphis:
1. i.e. a full sound, and the form of a possessive from (the) sound. 2. i.e. from the origin i.e. Libya. 3. i.e. horsekeeper. 4. because he possesses mules. 5. i.e. the mules’ horsecloth (?).
[ 88 ]6. i.e. ilignian, from the name of a tree. 7. i.e. ilician, (from) ilex etc. 8. from the ilignian feet. 9. i.e. the ilician beams. 10. i.e. it is to be feared. 11. i.e. the deadly poisonous yews[5]. 12. because it possesses marble. 16. drawn (?), because it possesses drawing[6] (?) therein i.e. length.
↑Ascoli prints fot as the beginning of gloss 33b17
↑The glossator supposed taxus to be in the nom. pl.
↑cf. toxal na tromsluag SR. 5318; tóxal (gl. uerriculum) Sg. 53b4; probably from to-fo-com-sal‑. Cf. nam spondeus tractus quidam, id est sonus, qui fundebatur circa aures sacrificantium. Isid. iii. 25
1. i.e. because he possesses strength. 2. i.e. because he possesses the east, quia etc. 3. Greek. 4. i.e. the Italian women. 5. i.e. I do not deem it identical with the possessive, because it lengthens (the i). 6. mud[3].
… ‘stlataria1’ … alia ab officiis2, ut ‘tabellarius3,’ ‘mercinarius.’…
[ 89 ]alia a dignitatibus, ut ‘praefectorius4’ … ‘censorius5’ … ut ‘collarium6’ quod in collo est, ‘plantarium7’ quod in planta8 … ‘motaria9’ quod in motu est et ‘palmarium10’ quod in palma, hoc est in laude; de quibus sunt, ut ‘frumentaria11’ lex de frumento … ‘uinaria cella12’ quae uinum habet, et ‘armamentarium12’ in quo arma posita sunt,
1. i.e. (from) stlata i.e. a boat. 2. i.e. they possess somewhat through their service, as the mercenary hath his pay.
[ 89 ]6. i.e. that which belongs to a neck i.e. a collar or chain. 8. in a digging. 9. that which is moved. 10. i.e. that which has victory or praise. 11. i.e. the law of cultivating wheat. 12. i.e. a wine-cellar, because it contains wine, vel etc. 13. i.e. a place wherein are arms, because it contains arms.
↑The glossator supposed that the lex frumentaria was made for the encouragement of agriculture, and glossed accordingly
… ‘Pompeianus4’ … ‘Romanus5’ … ‘Rubrenus6,’ ‘Anienus7,’ unde Virgilius: Aniena8 fluenta. … in his quae ab arboribus deriuantur, ut ‘oleaginus9’ … … ‘colurnus10,’ ‘ficulnus11,’ ‘pópulnus12.’
Potest tamen et hoc [sc. ‘Romanus’] et pene omnes huiuscemodi formae nominum propriorum quoque habere significationes13. …‘Coruinus14’
1. i.e. belonging to violets. 2. i.e. belonging to dew[4] or belonging to a rose, i.e. de rosa from the white plant i.e. a red plant. 4. i.e. a servant whom Pompey possesses. 5. because he inhabits Rome. 6. reddish. 7. of the Anio: from the name of the river called Anio. 12. pōpulus i.e. name of a tree. 13. i.e. proper names are formed from them (possessives), as is formed from Romanus, although not for this is (the example) Romanus given, but for the possessive therein. 14. i.e. a crow.
↑MS. fin; .i. luib derc bedeutet wohl correctur des versehens luib fin[d], das darum nicht ausgeschrieben ist, Thurneysen
↑Ascoli amen. Man kann ebensogut anien also amen lesen, Thurneysen
…alia a temporibus ut ‘matutinus1’ a matuta2, quae
[ 90 ]Auroram significat, uel, ut quidam Λευκοθέαν3 … ‘antelucanus4’ … alia a mutis animalibus, ut … ‘anserinus5’; alia a materia ex qua constant, ut ‘humanus6’' .. alia a numeris ..
Similiter a habent ea, quae deriuantur a nominibus in ‘cus’ uel in ‘cuius’ desinentibus, quae sunt ultra duas sillabas1 ut ‘rusticus rusticanus…’ Excipitur a masculo2 quod est dimminutiuum maris, ‘masculinus’ factum3 … ‘tolletum tollitanus[1]4’ …
[ 91 ]18: .i. onechtar nái19: fá innád fail nechtarde hualaliu20: gae gona éisc ut romani dicunt [in marg.] tridens neptuni quod graeci fuscinam dicunt 21: ofích22: o amlabar
..illa scilicet obseruata regula, quam superius in mutis animalibus diximus; ideo et ‘anser anserinus1’ dicimus … ‘heri’ alternitatis2 causa ‘hesternus3’… In ‘teria’ etiam desinentia4 faciunt deriuatum similiter: ‘Fabrateria5 Fabraternus’ ‘Sabrateria6 Sabraternus,’ ‘aetas’ quoque ‘aeternus’ … ‘Vetus’ praeterea ‘ueternus7’ facit, non solum ‘ueteranus,’ sed diuersas habent significationes8. ‘Quercus9’ etiam quernus10,’ ‘corylus11 ‘colurnus12’’ … ‘mensis mensurnus13’ … … ‘Lauinia14’ …
1: .i. cesu · in · er theit[1] .. is .. í ante us and uare as nomen animalis 2: .i. ailidetad dechuir fri · aeternus ar bahed bariagol heri heternus 3: .i. déthenachde4: .i. inna hí conosnat in teria 5: tolnaid ꝉ cumtach6: .i. iṅgor7: .i. arbrici chomarle cid óac induine8: .i. atá dechor netarru diblínaib9: daur10: daurde11: coll12: colde13: místae14: ingen latin
1. i.e. though it is in ‑er that it ends, it is i before ‑us there, because it is the name of an animal. 2. i.e. (for sake of) alternation, (i.e.) of distinction from aeternus, for this should be the rule heri hesternus. 4. i.e. those that end in ‑teria. 5. an artificer or a building. 6. i.e. an anchor. 7. i.e. for versatility of counsel, though the person be young. 8. i.e. there is a difference between them both. 14. daughter of Latinus.
↑The ‘aspiration’ of the initial t here is irregular
Abusiue1 tamen poetae pro ‘Dardanio2’ posuerunt ‘Dardanum.’ Si uero ante ‘ia’ aliam consonantem habuerint3, i longam habent ab eis deriuata ante ‘nus’… …Tripolites4 ‘Tripolitanus.’ Similiter a Carilibus5 {uel Caralibus} ‘Caralitanus’… …‘priuignus6,’ ‘Pelignus7.’
Quamuis igitur .. diuersas habent significationes8 supra dictae
[ 92 ]formae nomina tamen haec quoque inter possessiuorum species posuimus. …‘pedester9’…
1. i.e. for fewering syllables. 3. unless it be n. 5. Caralis the name of the city (used as) a plural, (its derivative) would be Caralites with the Greeks and Caralitanus with us. 7. i.e. seducer (paelex), or (it is) Greek (Pelignus). 8. i.e. one of the two portions of them is possession, the other (is) not possession, even those that are possessives. Illegitimate (inrecht) then is that possession. [ 92 ]
Comparatiuum est, quod cum possitiui intellectu1 uel cum aliquo2 participe3 sensu possitiui4 ‘magis’ aduerbium significat, ut ‘fortior’ magis fortis, ‘sapientior’ magis sapiens, ‘ulterior5’ 6magis ultra7 quam ille qui ultra est8, ‘interior9’ magis intra quam ille qui intus est. Hae autem comparationes10 quae ad personas11 uel res participes12 positiui fiunt, nascuntur a dictionibus carentibus casu13, id est a uerbis, ut ‘detero deteris deterior14,’ et ab aduerbiis siue praepositionibus, ut ‘extra exterior15,’ ‘intra interior16’ ‘ultra17 ulterior,’ ‘citra18 citerior19,’ ‘supra superior,’ ‘infra inferior’: nam ‘superus’ et ‘inferus,’ quamuis uideantur eorum, id est ‘superioris20’ et ‘inferioris21’ esse possitiua, tamen in usu ‘superi’ pro caelestibus22 siue uiuis23 ‘inferi’ autem pro manibus24 accipi solent. Adeo25 autem non ad ipsa aduerbia, sed ad personas uel res participes aduerbiorum26 huiuscemodi fiunt comparationes, quod nascuntur ex his ipsis aduerbia
[ 93 ]comparatiua, quae cum ‘magis27’ ipsum positiuum28 aduerbium significant29, ut ‘ulterius’ magis ultra…
Deriuantur igitur comparatiua a nominibus adiectiuis, quae sumuntur30 ex accidentibus31 substantiae nominum. Accidentia autem sunt, quae ex qualitate32 uel quantitate animi uel corporis uel extrinsecus forte euenientium trahuutur…
1: .i. con intṡliucht posit ainmmdi2: .i. sono · ɔalailiu fogoir[1]3: ranngabáltaith ꝉ ranngabáldu4: .i. sens posit ainmdi immurgu isindrainn rangabaldi5: exemplum inso ara rangabalda asrubart6: hire7: .i. cian8: cen magis friss9: inmedónchu10: inna comchutrummaichthiso11: .i. dopersanaib beodaib[2]ithé sidi ɔṅdelggaddar dopersanaib12: .i. do rétaib marbdaib són13: nephdilledchaib14: olcc15: immechtrach16: inmedónach17: cian18: centarach19: centarchu20: indí as superior 21: indí as inferior 22: dé nemdai són23: nó dé bithbí ꝉ ité uiui · indóini bí24: Ardéib iffirnn25: inmar .i. ní ar indí nombetis cid inbiucc · asbeir sem inmár · acht isarindí nadbiat etir26: .i. innaṅdobriathar[3]asanairberar cumaṅg ainmmde ⁊ huaṅgainetar comparaiti
[ 93 ]27: Com magis lasin posit nísin28: asposit29: .i. Sens magis ⁊ posit leiss issed bís isincomparait[4]hisin innadobreithre·· 30: forpersana31: .i. huanaib tecmaiṅgthechaib32: .i. inne maith ꝉ uilcc[5]
1. i.e. with the signification of a nominal positive. 2. i.e. with some sound. 3. participator or participial. 4. i.e. (there is) however a meaning of a nominal positive in the participial part (of speech). 5. this is an example for the participial which he has mentioned. 8. without magis added to it. 10. these comparations. 11. i.e. to living persons: it is they who are compared to (other) persons. 12. i.e. to inanimate things. 13. indeclinables. 14. evil. 22. that is, heavenly gods. 23. or ever-living gods, or they are the vivi, the living human beings. 24. for gods of hell. 25. greatly, i.e. he says ‘greatly,’ not that they are even in small measure, but because they do not exist at all. 26. i.e. of the adverbs from which a nominal force is drawn, and from which comparatives are born.
[ 93 ]27. with magis along with this positive. 28. which is positive. 29. i.e. the sense of magis and with it the positive, that is what exists in that comparative of the adverb. 30. on persons. 31. i.e. from the accidentals. 32. i.e. the quality of good or of evil.
Fiunt autem comparatiua… a uerbis: ‘detero1 deteris deterior,’ ‘potior2 poteris {uel potiris}’ ‘hic3’ et ‘haec potior3a’ et ‘hoc potius potioris[1]’: possumus tamen hoc etiam a nomine ‘potis4’ accipere, quamuis significatio alia5 esse uideatur.
A participiis: ‘indulgens6 indulgentior’ … Sed quando comparantur participia7, transeunt in nominum significationem8.
Ab aduerbiis siue praepositionibus9, ut ‘extra exterior’… …localia sunt haec aduerbia siue praepositiones, ex quibus comparatiua nascuntnr nomina et paene haec10: ‘extra exterior’…uetustissimi tamen etiam ‘citer’ protulisse inueniuntur. Cato de agna pascenda11: citer ager12 alligatus13 ad sacra14 erit. ‘Exter’ quoque inuenitur, ut Statius in xi Thebaidos: :Sed quid apud tales, quis nec sua pignora curae, :Exter15 honos?
[ 94 ]Ex quo Virgilius in IIII: et nos fas extera16 quaerere regna.
2. i.e. (it means) I make myself master, when it is a verb, and powerful when (it is an adjective in the) positive. 3. i.e. from the verb potior. 3a. i.e. more powerful. 7. i.e. here the participles are nouns. 8. into the signification. 9. because they can do the two things. 10. i.e. there is something ahead, i.e. here[4]. 11. of the lamb which is to be full-fed. 12. i.e. the country on this side or on the outside. 13. it will be tied or chosen forth or… 14. to gods.
…‘penitus1 penitior2.’…in penitiorem3 partem domus.
…quamuis Graeci honoris causa suae gentis4 quam5 ratione ueritatis dicunt, non posse ad multos sui generis fieri comparationem6. Alii autem dicunt, banc esse rationem7, propter quam non utuntur tali comparatione8 quod9, cum ad plures sui generis fit comparatio10, superlatiuo possumus uti11, ut ‘fortissimus Graecorum Achiles.’ Sed superlatiuus12 multo alios excellere significat, comparatiuus uero potest et paruo superantem demonstrare13, unde etiam diminutionem apud nos iure accipit: ‘maiusculus14’… Quid autem15, quod accidit16 inter tres uel quattuor uel plures, non tamen ad totum genus17 fieri comparationem et necesse est uti plurali18 suorum? Virgilius in I:
Pigmalion scelere ante alios immanior omnes,
ad omnes19 sceleratos conferens20 Pigmalionem comparatiuo est usus.
Sunt igitur quae comparari possunt nomina uel secundae uel tertiae declinationis. Et si sint21 secundae, mobilia sunt…
3. which was more interior. 4. because of the nobility of the race of the Greeks. 6. the comparative does not surpass many of its own kind. 7. i.e. it is a law indeed, the law which the Greeks make in that the comparative does not surpass many of its own kind. 8. i.e. the surpassing by the comparative of many of its own kind. 10. that is, the surpassing. 11. we have besides something whereby we can express the surpassing by one of many of its own race, i.e. its superlative. 12. saith Priscian himself. 13. the surpassing of one. 15. how then will it be according to their opinion? so that they are wrong then when they say that there is no (comparison) ad plures. 17. it does not surpass the whole race: it is, however, many of its own kind that it surpasses for all that. 18. it surpasses many of its own kind. 19. (ad omnes) that is the plus (the ad plures). 20. when he has compared. 21. although they are.
Et puto, hanc esse rationem, quod oportet comparatiuum una syllaba uincere genetiuum positiui, nisi sint anomala1, ut ‘teneri tenerior2’… necesse est inter duas uocales positam i transire in uim consonantis, quod in Latinis dictionibus semper fere patitur cum inter duas uocales inuenitur uim suam3 seruantes. Hoc autem ideo dixi, quia u post q uel post g posita saepe ante i hoc non facit4, quippe amittens uim suam, ut ‘nequior5’ ‘pinguior6,’ quod nisi fiat, continguit … pares esse syllabas genetiuo positiui cum nominatiuo comparatiui7 uel hiatum intollerabilem fieri tribus uocalibus per tres syllabas continue positis nulla consonante media, si dicamus ‘piior,’ ‘arduior.’ Quod ne fiat8, non sunt ussi9 eorum comparatiuis. Plerique assumunt igitur ‘magis’ aduerbium et usum comparatiui complent, ut ‘magis pius10 hic quam ille’: uetustissimi tamen comparatiuis etiam huiuscemodi est11 sunt quando usi12. Cato dixit: quod iter longius arduiusque13 erat a curia. Idem ad populum de triumpho: asperrimo atque arduissimo14 aditu. Pacuuius[1] in Medo: mulier egregissima15 forma. M̃.16 Cato in oratione … exercitum
2. this is regular. 3. their vocalism. 4. the passage to i. 6. it is not that (the transition of i to a consonant) and (yet) these are regular. 7. yet this is not right—only that the comparative be greater by one syllable than the genitive of the positive, this is what is right. 8. the hiatus of the three vowels together. 12. when they used. 13. so that arduius is said. 14. it is clear to us that it is more regular with them (arduus etc.) that there will not be even the superlatives, because the comparatives do not exist. 15. to shew a superlative from egregius, egregior. 16. this line over the m is not right etc.
meliorem, industriiorem1 facit.’ …ut in me industriior2 sis quam in te.
Sunt autem et alia in ‘us’ terminantia, ex quibus coraparatiua supra dictam regulam non seruant2 et dicuntur inaequalia. Quorum quaedam habent i breuem4 uocalem ante ‘or’… ‘Plus’ quoque5
[ 96 ]uidetur esse comparatiuum6 ‘multi7,’ sed singularis nominatiuus non inuenitur nisi neutri generis8, pluralis uero etiam communis, ut ‘hi’ et ‘hae’ plures9…9a
3. i.e. the law of adding ‑or to the genitive, as docti, doctior. 4. this (is the) rule. 5. even plus.
[ 96 ]7. or a comparative of multus according to others, and this is true, then, the…………has been brought here. 8. but only the neuter comparative in the singular.
Et sciendum quod omnia in ‘or’ desinentia[1] comparatiua communis generis sunt et mutantia ‘or’ in ‘us’ faciunt neutrum, excepto uno, quod solum1 cum sit a positiuo2 quantum ad suam uocem fixo[2], seruauit huius genus3, ‘hic senex, huic seni, hic senior.’
A ‘sepe’ aduerbio4 possitiuum uel comparatiuum nomen nec {uel non} legi … superlatiuum posuit Cato nepos[3] dicens: in mentem uobis ueniat, Quirites5, … propter foenus6 sepissimam discordiam fuisse.’
‘Prior’ et ‘primus’ quaeritur an sit comparatiuus et superlatiuus, et dicunt quidam, quod, cum ordinis sint, differentiam numeri significant7: sicut enim ‘alter8’ de duobus9 et ‘alius’ de multis dicitur sic ‘prior’ de duobus et ‘primus’ de multis dici solet. Inuenitur10 tamen sepe ‘prior’ pro ‘melior11’ positum … et ‘primus’ pro ‘optimus’ … Virgilius in VIIII[4]:
1: ol sodain óin2: diaposit3: huare astuidmide inposit cenḟodail ceineuil isairi ní techta nisi unum genus 4: .i. posit ainmde do denom di sepe ut extra reliqua5: arómanu6: arluach7: .i. dechor nuird in arim filindib ⁊ it anmmann uirdd foṡodain8: cosmailius ⁊ analach9: alter ainm dobinair · issí[5]chetne aram sainigedar fri hunáir · · 10: .i. cesu dechor nuirdd in áram fil indib11: .i. itanmmann inne hisuidiu ⁊ ɔṅdelgatar12: dodia iffirnn
1. which alone. 2. from its positive. 3. since the positive is fixed without partition of gender (senex), therefore it (the comparative) has only one gender. 4. i.e. that a nominal positive should be made of saepe as of extra etc. 5. O Romans. 7. i.e. it is distinction of order in number that is in them and accordingly they are nouns of order. 8. similarity and analogy. 9. alter is a name for duality: it is the first number that varies from unity. 10. i.e. though it is a distinction of order in number which is in them. 11. i.e. they are names of quality here, and they are compared. 12. to the god of hell.
… in numeris quoque potest ‘prior' esse comparatiuus … et ‘primus’ superlatiuus, cum ad multos componitur1… ut ‘prior2 Turnus quam Aeneas mouit bellum’…
et, quod omnibus est rationabilius4, in ‘or’ desinens commune in ‘us’ facit neutrum, quod in nullis aliis nisi in comparatiuis inuenitur.
Cum igitur comparatiua proprie ad positiuum fieri soleant5, inuenitur tamen saepe comparatiuus pro positiuo per se positus[2]… Est quando pro positiuo possitus6 minus eo[3] significat et nulli comparatur, ut:
Tristior atque oculos lacrimis sufussa nitentes,
‘tristior7’ enim hic ‘ex parte8’ significat ‘tristis9.’
1. it surpasses many. 2. ‘prior,’ yet it is here a noun of order, and nevertheless it is compared. 4. to make a comparison therein. 5. to surpass the positive. 6. without comparing him to anyone. 7. i.e. she was not full-glad. 8. she was not full-sad. 9. in this it is clear that (the comparative tristior) is less than the positive, quando etc.
Est quando ad contraria comparatur1… Est quando superlatiuo comparatiuus comparatur2… Est quando comparatiuus ad comparatiuum comparatur3… Cicero Philipicarum II: ‘quis interpretare potest, impudentiorne quis in senatu, an improbior4, qui in Dolabellam[1]…’
‘Tam’ et ‘quam’ aduerbia tum comparatiuo uel superlatiuo adiciuntur, cum duo uel plures comparatiui uel superlatiui diuersae significationis5 positi inter se aequantur… …‘non tam6 in bellis… quam in promisis et fide firmiorem7’… …‘minus stultus’ pro prudentior8.’ Terentius in Eunocho:
hoc nemo fuit
Minus ineptus,
[ 98 ]pro ‘prudentior9.’ …‘minus bonus’ pro ‘malus10.’ …quando ipse comparatiuus uel ad se uel ad alium comparatur11, ut ‘Achiles Aenea fortior magis12
1: diróscaither2: dirósci disuperlait3: dirósci comparit dicomparit[2]4: .i. is messa indamprome quam ind anfele reliqua in ante[3]5: .i. is sain intliucht bís hicechtar nái[4] ut est híc 6: inmeitse7: .i. doberr fritam ⁊ quam 8.: trebairiu
[ 98 ]9: bed trebairiu10: olcc11: diróscaither12: de sé insin
1. it is distinguished. 2. it surpasses (the) superlative. 3. a comparative surpasses a comparative. 4. i.e. improbity is worse than impudence. 5. i.e. different is the meaning that is in each of these two, ut etc. 7. i.e. it (firmiorem) is put with tam and quam. 8. more prudent. [ 98 ]11. is distinguished. 12. this (is an example) de se.
quam iustior1,’ et ‘Aiax Vlixe fortior magis quam Diomede.’
Superlatiuum est, quod uel ad plures sui generis comparatum superponitur2 omnibus, uel per se prolatum3 intellectum habet cum ‘ualde’ aduerbio positiui…sin autem dicam ‘fortissimus Hercules fuit,’ non addens quorum4, intellego ‘ualde fortis.’
Et sciendum, quod ex hisdem formis sine terminationibus5 supra dictarum6 in comparatiuis partium orationis fiunt etiam superlatiua.
1. i.e. for Aeneas was juster. 2. without its being compared and without its surpassing any (other), but it is brought forward through itself. 4. the genitive quorum. 5. from all endings, nominal and verbal and adverbial. 6. i.e. when we have spoken of the comparative.
…ab aduerbis sine praepositionibus uenientia desinunt haec ‘extra exterior extremus,’ ‘supra superior supremus’…. Ex quo1 apparet neque a ‘supero’ neque a ‘postero’ fieri comparatiuos uel superlatiuos…
…omnia et comparatiua et superlatiua duarum excedunt numerum syllabarum2, exceptis ‘prior’ et.… Nec mirum3, cum positiua[1]
[ 99 ]quoque, ex quibus nascuntur, bisillaba sint uel eo plus4
per genetiuos1 et uel unam uel duas assumentia2 syllabas faciunt3 supra dictos gradus4…. Superlatiuus comparatiuum est5 quando superat una syllaba…. Est quando par est6, ut in ‘‑limus’ terminans…est quando una uincitur7 syllaba, ut quando in ‘‑fimus’…desinit…
De Dimminutiuo …comparatiua quoque non solum augent8, sed etiam est quando minuunt uim primitiuorum, sed non absolute9. Ad aliquid enim omnimodo10 fit comparatio… …non posunt tamen esse absoluta11, cum a comparatiuis sint deriuata…ut ‘maiusculus12,’ ‘minusculus13’…
1. that is, over genitives. 2. positives over genitives. 3. positives. 4. comparatives and superlatives. 6. i.e. the superlative to the comparative. 8. beyond the positives of the comparatives from which they are. 9. since comparison is (inherent) in them. 10. in every mode in which is comparison. 11. without comparison in them, i.e. it will not be without its surpassing some (other). 14. in place of a positive ego is here. 15. a little greater i.e. she is a little greater than I, i.e. the distinction is small. 16. without their being compared to any other thing.
Solent autem dimminutiua uel necessariae significationis causa proferri1, ut Sallustius in Eugurthino: ‘postquam reguli2 in unum conuenere, id est ‘parui reges,’ uel urbanitatis3, ut Iuuenalis..
1. i.e. there may be a time when it is necessary[4] to diminish the substance so that there is need of words to signify it, because there were not words (enough) to signify the proper nature which they express. 3. because of politeness.
[ 100 ]6. particular to boys is caressing. 7. O little Catulus; and there is still no diminution of substance here though there be caressing. 9. it is the boys that give the names (here mentioned), or it is to them that it is given. 14. each diminutive from another (homunculus from homuncio, homullulus from homullus). 16. from nepos. 19. i.e. there would be a distinction between the two ullas, i.e. the ulla of the termination and ulla the diminutive (of una). For this it is that the una has been put etc.
↑MS. bráithráin, with punctum delens over the second i
↑for recar for ronecar cf. Celt. Zeitschr. iv. 67. Here recar less has a subject in the nominative; but contrast the older construction in Wb. 12c3, Ml. 2a6, 22c14
..‘mas masculus1’ .. ‘os osculum2,’ quod quamuis sit formae diminutiuae, tamen, quia aliam habuit significationem3, fecit ex sese aliud diminutiuum4 ‘oscillum5.’
2. a little mouth or a kiss. 3. i.e. different is a kiss and a kissy. 5. swing (?). 7. i.e. it does not make venterculus. 9. when they stand apart. 10. by the slender chink. 15. although it has not a masculine or feminine comparative.
↑glossator C has drawn a stroke through ginán and added ɫ bóc, Thurneysen
↑MS. bpóc with puncta delentia above and below b. glossator C has drawn a stroke through the gloss, and added the l‑, Thurneysen.
↑three or four letters, of which the first is p, have been erased before luasc cognate with Ir. luascaim ‘I rock,’ luascan ‘cradle,’ OBr. luscou (gl. oscilla)
…‘uolpes uolpecula6· · · ‘res recula7’…‘uepres8 ueprecula’…‘nitedula9’…‘mercedula10’…‘apes11,’ cuius diminutiuum pro e longa i habet ‘apicula12.’ Plautus in Curculione:
…omnia e habent paenultimam absque ‘pugillo,’ nisi primitiua1 paenultimam habent natura
[ 102 ]productam in omni genere. facit igitur ‘paulus2’ ‘paululus3’…
Ideo ‘mala4’ quoque assumpta x ‘maxilla’ facit et ‘talus5’ ‘taxillus.’ Quae uero geminant l ante ‘us’ uel ‘a’ uel ‘um,’ in ‘ulus ula ulum’ faciunt iterum diminutiua6, ut ‘homullus homollulus’…
…‘columna columnella7.’ Excipitur ‘rana8 ranunculus.’ Eandem formam9 in ‘la’ quoque desinentia uel ‘ra’ seruant, ut…‘capra10 capella’…‘miser .. misellus11 misella misellum.’ Excipiuntur in ‘ra’ disinentium12.,.ut ‘ara arula13’ ‘terra terula14’..
Neutra quoque in ‘num’ . . ut ‘tignum tigillum1’..
..‘cerebrum2 cerebellum[1]’…‘flagrum3 flagellum’…‘sacrum sacellum4.’ Excipiuntur a desinentibus in ‘nus5’ uel in ‘na’ uel in ‘num’…‘uinum uillum6.’ Notandum etiam ‘pannus7,’ quod ‘panniculus’ fecit.
↑MS. ondsoid with an imperfect letter, written over the second o, which Ascoli read as u and Windisch c. According to Thurneysen it may be read c. If so scoid is = scoith the dat. sg. of scoth
↑MS. othathnat, with punctum delens over the second h
8. an attempter[7]. 10. ridiculous, i.e. frivolus fere obolo dignus, not better than a half-scruple. 12. a round shield. 16. bad weather. 17. a jaw or a sloe. 21. mallow. 22. nine glands (?) 23. is not o Roman? this is true.
De Denominatiuis. Denominatiuum appellatur a uoce primitiui1 sui nominatum, nou ab aliqua speciali significatione2, sicut supra dictae species2. Nam et patronomica et posesiua4…denominatiua
[ 104 ]sunt5… Haec enim denominatiua sunt dicenda, cum significationem suarum non seruant6, etsi sint propria.
Habent igitur denominatiua formas plurimas et diuersas significationes. Quae quia latae sunt et confusae[1], generali eas nominatione artium scriptores noncupauerunt denominatiua7.
1. from the name from which it is derived. 2. it has no special sense in itself from which it should be named, as patronymics etc. (have). 3. i.e. because it has not a special appellation from its meaning as (the) other appellative species have,—patronymics, possessives, etc.—What was common to them all (denominatiui) then, is a proper name for this (the denominatiuum). 4. therefore 1 tell thee it is common.
[ 104 ]5. i.e. ‘denominative’ is a generic name for each of them. 6. i.e. since they do not preserve the special meaning of the forms. 7. i.e. those that do not fall into the species aforesaid. 8. from frux or fruges. 9. from nihilum. 11. a multitude or a tribunal or a throne. 13. not someone. 14. impotent, because he cannot do good. 18. stability. 19. ceiling, i.e. from the ears (leg. hollows?) which are in the ceiling (is) this denomination. 20. heel or kick. 22. destroyer. 26. prince or leader. 27. principal or conspicuous.
↑derived from *cuan = Lat. pugnus, with compensatory lengthening, and the regular change (in early loanwords) of p to c
↑leg. cúassaib? As to druimmchlae, it may be connected in meaning with druimmchlí (gl. laquear) Sg. 54a 19, 64a 6: cf. ic dlúthad a drumchla ‘caulking its deck,’ LL. 219a 2, et v. Togail Trói, p. 154
Ergo in a desinentia denominatiua i habent breuem ante a uel l uel n uel r14, ut .. ‘acrimonia15’…‘armatura16.’
Secundae igitur declinationis nomina in ‘us’ desinentia c
[ 105 ]antecedente quotcumque[1] sint syllabarum—nisi17 sint regionum nomina, et18 quae diriuantur ex hís—alia uero quacumque consonante ante ‘us’ posita tantum disyllaba et quae in ‘is’ desinentia tertiae declinationis similem habent19 nominatiuo genetiuum: quae secundae quidem sunt20, genetiuo, quae uero tertiae, datiuo assumunt ‘tia,’ ut…‘pudicus pudici pudicitia21.’…
1: traigthech2: óinechaid3: dítiu4: félmae5: sreth6: ár7: sulbaire8: immimgabaim 9: teichthech .i. similis uitanti 10: létenach11: bíde12: bíde[2]13: ciuitas .i. masued14: .i. habent · l · ante · a · similiter · n · ⁊ · r ante a beos15: lainne16: armthatu
[ 105 ]17: [in marg.] .i. ní · tio · araḟóimat sidi ocacruthugud óanmmanaib diil tanisi acht is · a · tantum super genitiuum nominum secundae declinationis · · 18: cid19: .i. medóntestemin són20: iartestemin 21: .i. féle[3]
[ 105 ]17. i.e. it is not ‑tio that these assume in their formation from nouns of the second declension, but it is etc. 19. i.e. this is the middle of the period. 20. the conclusion of the period.
1: écen2: troiánde3: trói4: arfóim comsuidigud ladiruidigud 5: ní · a · arafóimat acht is monia 6: inmaisnige l· 7: airégem8: faitech9: cocéle10: cocélsine
In e desinentia… quia pleraque a communibus in ‘is’ terminantibus nascuntur, melius cum illis10 tractabuntur.
In i duo sunt denominatiua . . indeclinabilia11… Quidam enim figurate ‘frugi’ . . et ‘nihili’…cum aliis omnibus coniungi casibus non irrationabiliter dicunt, sicut ‘mancipi12,13’ et ‘nec mancipi[1]’ et
2. both by nature and position. 6. a kind of grain. 8. concealment. 9. a mantle or cloak. 13. with the nouns in ‑is. 11. their cases, however, are deduced from them, both in the singular and the plural. 13. i.e. these are joined to every case, and every case is not made of them.
[ 106 ]In ‘o’ masculina quidem et communia pauca inueniuntur deriuatiua, ut…ab eo quod est ‘catus2’ ‘Cato’ et a capita ‘Capito3,’ a labe4 ‘Labeo’…a leniendo ‘leno5’…ab epulando ‘epulo6.’ Cicero de oratore: ‘tres uiros epulones7.’
In ‘go’ uero desinentia…‘uirago10’…‘ferrugo11’ ‘erugo12’ ‘uirgo,’ ‘margo13’; excipitur ‘ligo14,’ cuius paenultima corripitur, nec mirum15, cum sit masculinum…
In ‘do’ desinentia…ut ‘acris acredo16,’ ‘dulcis dulcedo17,’ ‘intercapio intercapedo18’…‘formido formidas formido formidinis,’ quod ideo fecit simile nomen uerbale primitiuo uerbo19, quod ipsa positio uerbi talem habuit formam.
3. a proper name, or great-headed. 5. a copulator[8] or …(?). 8. increase. 10. a male-worker. 11. dark purple. 15. that the penult should be short. 19. to the first person, which is its origin.
1. i.e. because it is in conformity with the verb and there is no mutation therein in any manner? from the verb. 3. a taking away. 7. (derived) from it (specus). 9. the royal tax.
In ‘il’ uel ‘ul’ desinentia…fiunt abiectione extremarum uocalium sine sillabarum1 primitiui…
In ‘um’ desinentia…e ut ‘oleuetum2,’ ‘uinetum3,’ ‘coriletum,’
[ 107 ]‘rosetum4,’ ‘dumetum5,’ ‘quercetum6,’ ‘esculetum7,’ ‘mirtetum8’… quae9 sunt contenentia uel comprehensíua10 i.e. periectiua[1]11. i, ut ‘augorium,’ ‘solarium,’… ‘municipium12’…
Alia enim in ‘bulum’ desinunt…ut ‘cuna cunabulum13,’ ‘Vesta14,15,’ uel ‘uestis uestibulum,’ ‘tus turis túribulum16’…‘pasco pabulum17,’ ‘prosto18 prostibulum19,’ ‘patior’ uel ‘pateo patibulum20’… Lucanus in III:
[ 107 ]6. an oak-wood. 7. a wood of Italian oak, i.e. a very tall tree. 8. a myrtle-wood. 9. it is they. 10. Because they contain a plural from the meaning which they signify, (as) olivetum ubi etc.; and not so is it with those ahead below, as augurium etc. 11. increased i.e. which increase in the derivation. Or it (περιεκτικά) is the Greek of comprehensiva. 12. (as if from a verb) municipo, or burgh as Isidorus says[7]. 13. i.e. an infant’s cradle. 14, 15. the goddess of fire. 18. I commit incest. 19. lustful or incestuous. 20. gibbet or forkshaped gallows.
‘foro1 foras foramen2,’…‘irrito2 irritas irritamen4,’…‘specie5 specimen6’…‘nuo7 numen’…‘luo8 lumen8a,’ quo omnia abluuntur id
[ 108 ]est purgantur a tenebris…‘molior molimen9.’ …a pectendo ‘pecten10,’ a filo11 ‘filamen,’ quod per syncopam i[1] ‘flamen12’ dicimus. …sinaeresis[2]13 facta est duorum i breuium in unam longam. …aliae quoque uocales…sic solent ex duabus syllabis in unam longam transire, ut ‘biugae14 bigae15’… Et ex contrario una longa in duas breues saepe solet temporibus diuidi: .. ‘fieri’ pro ‘firi’ uel ‘fire,’ quod magis analogum16 est, unde Virgilius in IIII Georgicon
5. from species. 6. inspection. 7. I am powerful. 8. I wash, or I pollute. 8a. lumen purification, per etc.
[ 108 ]11. from the thread, i.e. a thread that used to be round the head of the priests at the sacrifice. 12. priest. 14. two separate vowels have been converted into it, and it is not a diphthong. 16. the infinitive in e from the verb in o. 17. that thou shouldst subminister. 19. ceiling (?), or trap (?).
…‘eques equester1,’ ‘pedes pedester2’… Et sciendum quod a habent ante ‘ster’ cum in nomine primae positionis nulla sit consonans inter uocales paenultimae et ultimae syllabae3… Alia uero omnia4 e habent ante ‘ster’ excepto ‘paluster5.’ Et haec quidem denominatiua sunt6.
…‘furo7,’ unde ‘furens8,’ ‘furor’…‘senatus senator9,’ ‘dictatus dictator10,’ ‘tonsus tonsor11.’
3. i.e. then is a in them before ‑ster when there is no consonant between penult and ultima in the primitive noun. 4. except the diminutives and those above before (apiaster, oleaster). 6. they may be denominatives, or haec, those that end in ‑ster they are always from nouns. 8. which is usual.
Non est igitur dubium1, quod—cum in omnibus quae paenultimam habent circumflexam, si patiantur syncopam, seruamus eundem accentum in ultima….idque2 omnibus placet artium scriptoribus, qui de accentibus scripserunt—debeant haec quoque idem3 seruare cum ‘ti’ subtracta paenultima uocalis, quae circumflectebatur in dictione perfecta, id est a, inuenitur ultima in concisione4 habens eundem accentum. INueniuntur tamen etiam propria differentiae causa5 in fine circumflexa, ut ‘Leenâs Leenatis,’ ‘Menâs,’ ne accusatiui plurales menae, quod genus est piscis, et leenae—femininum est leonis6—esse putentur.
1: .i. andliged quod diximus ⁊ asberam dano 2: aiccend inuilt3: anednonóen aiccent in uilt indib4: iarfoxul · tí · 5: ar ní ar accuis dechoir aní asrubartmmar cose6: indí as leonis leena femininum7: óenechaid8: dítiu9: muirbran10: sreth11: hǽllned12: dalta .i. curia
1. i.e. the law which we have said and will say moreover. 2. an accent on the ultima. 3. the identical accent[2] on the ultima in them. 4. after taking away ‑ti. 5. for not for sake of distinction is that which we have said hitherto. 6. of leonis. 9. cormorant (mergus).
I longam habent omnia in ‘ilis,’ quae a nominibus deriuantur, nec non in ‘ile’ neutra, siue ex eis fiant siue non habeant aliud ante se genus1…ut…‘scurra2 scurrilis’… ‘Exilis’ etiam a Graeco ἐξίτηλος3 factum denominatiuorum seruauit regulam4….‘futio5,’ ex quo compositum effutio6, ‘futilis’7…‘altus’ uel ‘alitus8 altilis’… A pare9
[ 110 ]etiam diriuatiuum10—quod a uerbo ‘paro’ nascitur, unde comparo comparas. Proprie enim pares sunt, qui inter se possunt comparari11—uerbalium regulam seruauit12, ‘parilis.’ Cetera quoque omnia13 i paenultimam corripiunt…
1: nó innabet onach ainmmdiu etir acht itcétnidi l · 2: daiscuir parasitus 3: trenothath4: .i. airdíxa · i · and ut praedicta 5: baithaigim6: adbolbaithigim[1]7: .i. nomen dolestur chorthón bís ocedpartaib dodeib8: ís hinunn analtus ⁊ analitus isondí as alo ataat aṅdiis · ut postea dicet 9: ó · par
[ 110 ]10: asṅdirruidigthe anainmmsin11: cosmailigeddar12: timmartae and amal innabriathardi riam 13: cenmathá inna hí asrubart
1. or whether they are not from any nominal form at all, but are primitives. 3. the singular of a noun substantive (trén-óthath)[2]. 4. i.e. the i is long in it, as the aforesaid. 5. I am a fool. 6. I am a great fool. 7. i.e. a name for a round-bottomed vessel which is (used) at offerings to gods. 8. the altus is the same as the alitus, the pair of them come from alo, as he will say afterwards.
[ 110 ]10. that that noun is derived. 11. (can) be compared. 12. (the i) is short in it, as the verbals before (had it). 13. besides those that he has mentioned.
↑the fourth letter looks somewhat like e, Thurneysen
↑adjectivum graecum perperam habet pro substantivo, Asc. Gl. cxxxi
4. i.e. the outer i is turned into a. 6. a court or town. 7. belonging to a town, belonging to a court, or, as in Boetius, circumcised. 8. or a chain[5]. 9. belonging to a chain.
In ‘tis’ quoque inueniuntur denominatiua, sed antique prolata1’…sicut ‘Laurentis2’ quoque pro ‘Laurens3,’ ‘Tiburtis4’ pro ‘Tiburs,’ teste Capro. Sic ‘Quiritis5’ pro ‘Quiris’ et ‘Ceris’ uel ‘Ceretis’ pro ‘Ceres,’ qui tamen nominatiui6 nunc in usu non sunt.
In ‘os’…pauca inueniuntur: ‘lepus lepos7,’ ‘competo compes’ et mutatione e in o ‘compos8’…
1: acht is iarnarsidib robbátar · intis non síc hodie 2: laurentide3: laurentide .i. aitribthid nacathrach asberr laurentium laurens immurgu bís hodie 4: . tiburtide[1] tiburtum nomen ciuitatis5: sabíṅdae .i. gaide [man. al.] sabinus 6: ind ainmmnidi hísin7: sulbair8: comascnaidid · bacompes baroagoldae dobuith ní ed immurgu acht is compos fil
1. but it is according to the ancients that they were (i.e. ended) in ‑tis, non etc. 3. a laurentis i.e. an inhabitant of the city called Laurentium; however it is now Laurens. 5. Sabine i.e. having a spear (quiris = curis). 6. those nominatives. 8. competitor (competens): it would be regular that there should be compes: it is not so, however, but it is compos that there is.
Inueniuntur tamen quaedam a primae quoque declinationis nominibus1 eiusdem formae, quae a haberit ante ‘cius’: ‘gallina gallinacius2,’ ‘membrana membranacius3’…
Una quae seruat consonantem, ex qua ultima uel paenultima primitiui incipit syllaba—sed tunc paenultima, si non intercedat consonans inter ultimae et paenultimae syllabae uocales—et reliquam .. partem7 mutat in i correptam et assumit ‘dus’ ut ‘herba herbidus.’
1. although I have said that they are from nouns of the second and third declension. 5. otherwise it would not be euphonious. 7. except the consonant i.e. which remains over of that syllable after the consonant.
Excipitur alternitatis causa1, quam Graeci ἐπαλληλότητα[1] uocant, unum ‘pando pandus,’ ne si ‘pandidus’ dicamus, male sonat[2] alterna d in utraque continua2 syllaba, quod in multis solent tam Graeci quam nos euitare. Non dicunt illi ‘Χαρύβδιδος’ quamuis exigat regula3, sed ‘Χαρύβδεος’… Eiusdem uitii causa non dicimus ab eo, quod est ‘mane’ ‘manunine4,’ sed ‘matutine,’ ‘uitis uinetum,’ non ‘uitetum,’ quod tamen etiam a uinea uidetur esse deriuatum5. Praeterea ‘meridies’ pro ‘medidies6’ a medio die. Sed non tamen in omnibus7 hoc8 ualet. Nam ‘candeo candidus’ facit…nisi9 quod haec secundae coniugationis in ‘deo[3]10’… Et haec quidem in ‘dus’ supra dictae
[ 112 ]formae nomina demonstrant11 habere ea in se ex quibus deriuantur, ut ‘herbidus’ qui herbas habet…
In ‘bundus’ uero desinentia similitudinem habere significant, ut ‘uitabundus12,13’ similis uitanti…‘moribundus14’ similis morienti…
…‘causor15 causaris causabundus’…‘ludis ludibundus16’… Excipitur alternitatis causa17 ‘rubicundus,’ quod in paenultima syllaba pro b c habuit, ne sit absonum, si ‘rubibundus’ dicamus.
1: frimífogur .i. do ailigud foguir frialaile .i. corob bind in fogur · · 2: ꝉ continuans .i. acomoicsider3: emnad d and4: .i. da · n · indá · t · 5: ciasidbiur abuith huandí as uitis · 6: cesu medius dies aschomsuidigthe and7: arecar frithriagol do8: ius ní dogrés dogníther9: acht óen limm 10: .i. sainreth dobriathraib[4]cobednae tánise emnad · d · in nominibus bíte huadib
1. (contrary) to cacophony, i.e. to differentiate (one) sound from another, i.e. so that the sound be harmonious. 2. when it is made contiguous (consecutive). 3. the doubling of d therein. 4. i.e. two n’s into two t’s. 5. though I say that it is from uitis. 6. though it is medius dies that is compounded therein. 7. a rule contradictory thereto is found. 8. ius, it is not always acted on. 9. save one thing in my opinion. 10. ie. peculiar to verbs of the second conjugation is the doubling of d in the nouns that are (derived) from them.
[ 112 ]11. manifest in their meaning is the meaning of the nouns from which they are (derived). 13. it is not a true avoidance: it is a likeness of one who avoids. 15. I bring forward in excuse. 17. so that there may be alternation and difference between the two syllables, for they are alike.
Tertia forma in ‘dus’ terminantium est participialis…et significat dignum esse aliquem1 eo2, quod demonstratur3, ut ‘laudandus4’ laude dignus, ‘amandus5’ dignus amari…‘legendus6’ dignus legi, ‘loquendus7’ dignus de quo loquantur[1] homines.
In ‘lus’ desinentium formae similes sunt diminutiuis8…ut annus anniculus8a… Extremas partes9 syllabarum finalium siue extremas syllabas10, si sint purae11, in ‘ulus’ uertunt, excepto anniculo12 differentiae causa: nam ‘annulus’ deminutiuum est13. ‘Nouacula14,15 a ‘nouo nouas’ deriuatur.
In ‘sus’ duplicem habent formam: uel enim participialia sunt…et res incorporales significant…ut.. ‘uersus’—quod ab incorporali re16
[ 113 ]ad corporalem quoque adductum est17…uel o productam habent ante ‘sus,’ et significant plenum esse aliquem eius, quod significatur18, ut ‘saxosus’ plenus saxis…
1. it signifies the worth of some one. 3. the meaning that is in them is a meaning of worthiness. 4. it is just to praise him. 5. it is just to love him. 6. it is just to read him. 7. it is just to speak of him. 8. as to sound only. 9. a part of a syllable. 10. (the syllable) in (its) totality. 11. without consonants. 12. not annulus: anniculus is the derivative: anulus, however, the diminutive. 13. a diminutive from anus (a circle) i.e. a hole, anulus a small hole. 16. it is incorporeal when it is (refers to) an act of the mind etc.
[ 113 ]17. when it is uersus, a verse. 18. it is full of whatever is denoted by that appellation.
↑núide written over noua-, lui over ‑la. nouacula eo quod innouat faciem, Isid. Etym. Lib. xx. 13, 4, hinter núide etwas ausradiert (sol…?), Thurneysen
1: lámostae2: .i. sen athardae3: céle más 4: cruithnechtdae[2] á cerere .i. ceres bandea hetho5: bennach6: berach ꝉ birdae7: tuachil ab astu 8: impáidach .i. uersus 9: attóitæ a uerbo quod est mico ut postea dicet l·
In ‘stus’…‘honor honestus1’ … ‘modus modestus2,’ ‘ango angustus3,’ ‘augur augustus4.’ Praeterea ‘Venus uenustus5’…quae… asumpta ‘tus6’ faciunt deriuatiua et omnia una uincunt sillaba primatiua7 absque mesto8.
In ‘ax’ plerumque uerbalia inueniuntur…‘emo emis emax9’…‘pellicio10 pellicis pellax11,’ ‘sagio12 sagis sagax13.’
In ‘ex’ correptam.. ‘lateo lates[1] latex14,’ ‘uerto uertis[1] uertex15’…
4. augural. 6. i.e. it is not ‑stus that they assume, like the aforesaid (but only ‑tus). 7. the aforesaid, from ‑stus onwards. 8. i.e. for this (maestus) is equal in number of syllables to its origin (maeror). 14a. hiding[6]. 15a. conversion. 16. I legislate. 17. of alternation to its legitimate (form). 18. it cut off. 19. coverer (velans) or rapid (velox). 20. joined.
↑The first letter is a little doubtful: Ascoli read it as t, but it seems a d the right side of which has faded; the third letter is more like t than d; but cf. Sg. 54a3
Quoniam de speciebus siue formis1 nominum · · supra tractauimus, nunc de generibus quaerere conemur.
Genera igitur nominum principalia sunt duo, quae sola nouit ratio naturae2… Nam commune modo masculini modo feminini significationem3 possidet, neutrum uero, quantum ad ipsius uocem qualitatem4, nec masculinum nec femininum est, Unde commune articulum uel articulare pronomen5 tam masculini quam feminini generis assumit, ut ‘hic sacerdos’ et ‘haec sacerdos,’ neutrum autem separatum6 ab utroque genere articulum asciscit7, ut ‘hoc regnum.’
Dubia autem sunt genera, quae8 nulla ratione cogente auctoritas ueterum diuerso genere protulit9, ut ‘hic finis’ et ‘haec finis’… ‘silex10,’ ‘margo11.’ …‘bubo12,’ ‘dáma13’, panthera’ in utroque genere promiscue14 sunt[1] prolata15. Sunt alia16 natura et significatione17 mobilia, non etiam uoce18, ut … ‘patruus19 ámita20,’ ‘auunculus21 matertera22’; sunt alia uoce, non etiam naturae significatione23 mobilia24, ut ‘lucifer25 lucifera26’…
1. of the derived forms of nouns. 2. this is the nature of gender, something that generates and that is generated. 3. the meaning. 4. i.e. the quality of the substance which the sound expresses, i.e. of the neuter. 5. i.e. the articular pronoun, i.e. the pronoun that takes the place of an article. 6. i.e. an article distinct from them. 8. i.e. it is they. 9. i.e. ’tis uncertain whether it be a masculine or a feminine: there is not any rule that obliges that. 14. two genders are mixed in them. 16. i.e. natura and significatio are one and the same with him. 18. that is distinction of gender in meaning, and it is not in sound. 19. father’s brother. 20. father’s sister. 21. amnair, mother’s brother. 22. mother’s sister. 23. not by sense. 24. there is no difference of natural gender in them since they are not masculine or feminine according to nature. 25. sun. 26. moon.
[ 115 ]Unumquodque[1] enim eorum propriam et ammotam2 a significatione masculini habent demonstrationem et positionem; sunt alia, quae differentiae significationis causa3 mutant genera, ut ‘haec pirus4 hoc pirum,’ ‘haec malus5 hoc malum,’ ‘haec arbutus6 hoc arbutum’…
[ 115 ]2. separated. 3. i.e. to make a difference between the names of the trees and the names of the fruit of those trees. 6. a tree. 7. arbos is by way of gloss. 8. for the tree itself. 9. of the tree. 10. yellow or brown. 11. for the tree. 13. i.e. buxum is here the name of the tree itself, not of the fruit, and it is an accusative neuter. 14. my Glycerium (sweetling), i.e. my wife. 15. name of a plant.
1. window. 2. though they are mixed. 2a. the timid deer. 3. i.e. a beast (there is) uncertainty of gender and termination, for there is panther and panthera, as he will say afterwards. 4. i.e. the mutation, i.e. at one time they are masculine, at another time they are feminine.
2. i.e. But uirgo is found also masculine etc. And it were no wonder then that uirgo filius that Jerome speaks of[3], was[4] figuratively, i.e. so that one of the two should not reach into the other. 5. from the rule of the feminine. 8. muleteer[5]. 10. i.e. a sickle for pruning vines.
↑Ueber ligo im text hatte glossator C bacc geschrieben aber wieder ausradiert. Unten am rande hat er wohl zunächst buana fínime geschrieben und dann ligo .i. bacc davorgesetzt, Thurneysen
1. i.e. those are common bigeneric with the Greeks. 3. waitress or tavern. 9. below [lit. ahead] the law which makes nouns of them is set forth. 11. dainties[5]. 12. i.e. a mesh of a net. 13. the town: its name (is) Suthul. 14. i.e. poets make the conjuncture in that manner; but that conjuncture does not decide the gender in them. 15. i.e. in apposition i.e. each of the two of them apart without striking a shadow[6] (?) into the other. 17. as it does not make a neuter of Tiberis, that flumen is put with it, so it does not make a neuter of Suthul, that oppidum is conjoined to it.
quam dicere quod neutri generis in ‘ul’. terminantia1 sint…
[ 117 ]…‘Cim,’ nomen uici, ut dicit Celsus2. …nisi si transferantur in aliquam declinabilem formam3…
Inueniuntur tamen apud comicos4 feminarum quoque propria, quae in hanc terminationem [scil. ‑'um'] diminutionis5 siue adolationis6 amatoriae[1]7 causa proferuntur, ut ‘Gligerium8’…
…‘hoc seminum[2]9’… Excipitur10 ‘flamen’ sacerdos11 Iouis et ‘pecten12’…
…‘lien13,’ ‘rien14’ uel ‘ren15’ et ‘splen16’ .. …‘haec siren17.’
[ 116 ][ 117 ]2. that it is the name of a town. 3. into other terminal sounds. 4. with those poets[5]. 5. of diminution of the age of a woman[6]. 6. to bring them (back) into youth. 7. of amatoriness[7]. 8. little Glycerium etc. 10. from the neutrals. 11. (this serves) for a gloss. 12. comb or tile. 15. i.e. it is in the same way that they both are.
‘Lar’ quando significat κατοικίδιον θεόν[1], ‘laris’ facit genitiuum, sin autem imperatorem Veientorun1 ‘Lartis1a…Larte2 Tolumnio rege Vientum3. …‘Arar’ quod etiam ‘Araris4’ dicitur.
1. of those nations. 1a. i.e. name of their king. 3. of those nations. 4. as nominative. 9. a kind of corn. 11. because it is not neuter. 12. they are masculine then. 13. ‘shower-softener,’ or a name of Vulcan. 14. the products, that is, what terra brings forth. 15. all (are) names of plants. 18. to be polluted[3].
‘anser1’ . . ‘hoc cancer’ de morbo2 protulerunt … exceptis duobus, quae ipsa natura diffendit3 feminino generi, 'mater' et 'mulier'…, …‘celer4’…‘pauper’… …Plautus in Vidularia:
2. i.e. and it is neuter here. 3. it keeps them. 5. with him pauper is as a feminine. 6. of low birth: they (degener and uber) are common. 9: of the African war.
↑= ad-da-suidi: cf. atsuidi Sg. 66a20. ci adsode, ci atasode, Wb. 10a9, 10a10
… ‘abaddir,’ deus esse dicitur hoc nomine lapis ille1 quem Saturnus uorasse traditur pro Ioue. …‘Gaddir’…Sallustius neutrum esse ostendit…accusatiuum nominatiuo similem ponens2: ‘ut alii tradiderunt, Tartessum3 . . quam nunc Tyrii…Gaddir habent.’ …το τεναρ της ηιρως[1]4.
…exceptis femininis quidem tribus quorum duo ipsa natura alterius generis esse prohibet5, ‘uxor,’ ‘soror.’ ‘Arbor’ etiam, quod iure inter feminina connumeratur, quod ‘mater’ quoque dicitur proprii fetus unaquaeque arbor6…
1: níbu machdath dorónta dia dind liac2: olṡodain as sainreth do neutur 3: aainmm hitosuch gaddir iarum 4: indeclinabile ꝉ is genitiuus .i. grec indí as tenar ⁊ is dilledach lagrecu5: acht femininum tantum 6: as máthir aṡotho feissin cach nóen chrann7: infualascach bec ásas asin chrunn8: air issainred do mascul intairmorcenn in · er · 9: luib ⁊ ní crann
[ 119 ]10: dris l · · 11: cen mithá ara necatar coitchena in or dano 12: dochrud13: déchorpdae14: dédathaigthe15: comdathaigthe 16: auctoritas · uetustas est in libro niciae autentica .i. arsata · · 17: augmentum[2] · augtorthórmachtaid[3]fosodain ab augeo
1. it were no wonder that a god should have been made of the stone. 2. which is peculiar to the neuter. 3. (Tartessus was) its name at first, Gaddir afterwards. 4. an indeclinable, or it is a genitive, i.e. Greek of θέναρ and with the Greeks it is declinable. 5. but feminine only. 6. that every single tree is mother of its own fruit. 7. the small branches that grow out of the tree. 8. for the termination in ‑er is peculiar to the masculine. 9. a plant and not a tree.
[ 119 ]10. a thorn etc. 11. besides that common nouns in or also are found. 14. two-coloured. 17. auctor increaser then from augeo.
…ut ‘Antias3’ historicus, et monosyllaba[1]: ‘as4 asis’. .‘uas5’ masculinum ‘uadis,’ neutrum ‘uasis6,’ et hoc ‘fas’ ‘nefas’ ‘nugas’ etiam…quae sunt indeclinabilia7. Graeca uero…eadem seruant apud nos genera quae habent apud Graecos, si eandem seruant terminationem8… In multis enim uidemus conmotationem[2] terminationis genera quoque esse conuersa9, ut ὁ κρατήρ ‘haec cratera10’…
In ‘es’ correptam11, si sint apud Graecos communia, uel mobilia…
2. liver or ‘heavy-heart.’ 3. as for instance Antias. 4. name of a weight. 5. messenger[4]. 7. the three of them. 8. unless they change the termination they do not change the gender. 9. they change the gender if they change the termination. 11. they are among the common nouns: this is what it goes with below[5].
quae illi trigena[1]1 uocant. Hoc autem etiam ex ipsa rerura significatione2 potest cognosci in omnibus appellatiuis, utrum possint necne3 femininorum[2] quoque esse adiectiua uel etiam neutrorum. Quod si ipsa exigat4 significatio, in ‘es’ desinentia communia sunt, ut ‘hebes5’ quam[3] de mare6 quam de femina dicitur, significat enim ‘tardus7’ uel ‘tarda’…
…‘antesta’ uel ‘antestita17’.. …‘postridie18 sacerdotes Cereris atque illius fani19 antistitae[5]’… Neutris quoque coniuncta20 haec, id est in ‘es’ communia, inueniuntur, ut Virgilius in VII:
1. i.e. of-three-genders, 2. of the elements which they express. 4. i.e. to be neutrals. 5. i.e. slow or stupid. 6. (as much of a woman) so much of a man. 7. slow or dull. 8. a female soldier.
[ 120 ]10. this, then, is common. 11. swift. 12. round. 15. a female guest. 16. thou portendest[12]. 17. a female principal. 20. their connexion with a neuter in construction establishes the neuter in the nouns in es. 21. neuter plural[13] 22. its connexion with tela makes a neuter of teretes. 25. with the…lashing… (?) 26. the deposit. 28. its connexion with depositum makes a neuter of sospes.
cum femininis, masculina sunt, ut ‘gurges1,’ ‘trames2,’ ‘stipes3,’ ‘limes4,’ ‘poples5,’ ‘fomes,’ ‘cespes6,’ exceptis in ‘ges’ desinentibus… ‘seges7’ .. ‘teges8’…
…‘dies’ quod tam masculini quam feminini generis in singulari numero inuenitur9 … in plurali uero semper masculinum
[ 121 ]inuenitur10. non enim incertum11 tempus uidetur significare quod plerunque12 in feminino genere inuenimus singularis numeri. Ideo autem diximus ‘plerunque’ quod13 inuenitur14 in usu et pro certo tempore femininum15 et pro incerto masculinum16. Virgilius in II:
9. in the singular number dies is always uncertain, because therein it signifies an uncertain time.
[ 121 ]10. since it is a certain time that it signifies in its plural, therefore it is masculine, for when thou sayest dies the number of days of which thou so speakest is certain. 11. i.e. in the plural. 12. that uncertain time. 14. although this would be regular: uncertainty in it when it is feminine and certainty when it is masculine. 15. (the feminine) to express certain time. 16. the masculine is found to express uncertain time. 17. Panthous said to Aeneas: ‘The certain hour of Troy’s destruction has come’: that is an example for certain time in the feminine. 18. this is an example for the expression of uncertain time by the masculine, for here dies does not express a certain time. 20. another example of (lit. for) uncertainty in the masculine. 23. i.e. when he collected. 24. goddess of wheat.
↑the initial is aspirated because the glossator had in his mind the fem. article
[ 122 ]cum de uxore Elymi Gorge loquitur. …‘follis2’ . . ‘curuis[1]3’… Excipiuntur ‘haec bipinnis4’ πέλεκυς[2]5 quod ideo femininum est quod quasi adiectiuum est, securis6πελεκεῖος[3] uel quod a pinna7, quod ipsum quoque femininum8 est, componitur. Sed magis adiectiuum9 hoc esse Virgilius ostendit…ponens in XI:
ferro sonat10 alta bipinni {uel bipenni} Fraxinus11.
Excipitur12 etiam ‘canis’ commune, quod et natura sic ostendit13. …‘clunis14’ tam masculini quam feminini generis usurpauit auctoritas in una eademque significatione15. Iuuenalis in IIII[4]:
Multa…confudisse genera inueniuntur uetustissimi, quos non sequimur17, ut ‘haec amnis,’ ‘funis,’ ‘anguis.’ Composita18 .. si adiectiua fiant, communia sunt, ut ‘hic sanguis’ ‘hic’ et ‘haec ex(s)anguis19’….
[ 122 ]2. bellows. 3. a basket. 5. i.e. belonging to an axe, i.e. the feminine of the Greek below. 7. i.e. a wing or a pinnacle of a rampart. 8. and it is a substantive in that case. 9. according to the first sense. 10. a-smiting it. 11. the tall ash-tree. 12. a verb (excipitur) is added here again, because the verb aforesaid is very remote. Or it is excipitur that is right above, not excipiuntur. 13. because there is a she-dog. 17. i.e. as haec amnis etc. is said, and yet with us they are masculine. 18. after their composition.
‘cuspis1,’ ‘hic’ et ‘haec tricuspis2.’ … ‘neptis3,4’ .. ‘peluis5’ ..
…‘cassis6’…‘lis’ quoque ‘litis7.’ Graeca uero eandem habentia
[ 123 ]terminationem genera quoque, quae apud Graecos habent8, seruant etiam apud Latinos…‘Tithis[1]9.’ ‘Molaris’…ad dentem10 uel lapidem refertur… Statius in V Thebaidos:
1: .i. airmtiud[5] .i. fograinne2: treode ꝉ trecoste[6] .i. níbísón[7] tribus pedibus3: .i. necht · 4.: [in marg.] ingen bráthar .i. femininum indí as nepos ut postea dicet · 5: loathar6: barr7: immargal is femininum dano ⁊ ata forbart and
2. three-pointed or three-footed, i.e. it is not tribus pedibus. 4. a brother’s daughter, the feminine of nepos, as he will say afterwards. 7. contest: it is feminine and there is accretion in it.
[ 123 ]8. i.e. which are with the Greeks. 13. glory[12]. 18. i.e. this (is) a (Greek) proper name, i.e. in ‑os. 20. a kind of corn. 21. septentrio. 22. i.e. one of the two from the north, the other from the south.
..‘hoc acus4 huius aceris’…‘acus substernendum5 gallinis parturientibus. Acus in area6 excutitur.’ ‘Penus7’ iuuenitur et masculinum et femininum et neutrum.
3. i.e. over a syllable, i.e. more than one syllable: there is not one syllable like those before, but they are disyllabic etc. 4. i.e. between a and x: though it be interposed and indeed though it be not interposed. 8. more than one syllable.
[ 124 ]9. a harlot or exciter or concubine: because they excite the men to fornicate with them, or to quarrel. 10. name of a grass. 11. i.e. ‘ox-cutting’ (βούτομον).
[ 125 ].. ‘obstetrix18’… Excipitur ‘hic fornix19,’ quod quamuis paenultimam positione longuam habuit20, tamen masculinum est. …‘pernix21’… ..quamuis ‘hoc uictrix’ non memini22 me legisse, etsi analogia declinationis exigat23.
…‘celox24,’ species est nauis, et monosillabis25… Sunt tamen, qui nominatiuum quoque putant sine n scribendum26.
In ‘yx’ Graeca sunt et seruant eadem apud nos genera27… ‘sandyx28.’
1: brecc[1]2: .i. nomen holeris ⁊ quando radix meccon prodvcit · ra · 3: sail ꝉ fit salio salix a se reliqua4: miscsich[2]5: .i. aesc[3] .i. combad argair aicnid adrímed insuidiguth6: .i. rind .i. quia nomen sideris cancer et fit in medio conchae · · 7: mátharlach8: adircliu9: sléic ꝉ ruamnae ꝉ diol[4]10: tonnátech11: ind nathirsin12: élnithid13: .i. aacomol frisan ainmm nád ḟil hi coibgi acht hifóetsecht .i. serpens 14: accomoltae15: cid16: issed aainmm 17: fon praeneste sin
[ 125 ]18: ban terismid19: buáidlia[5] ꝉ genus domús 20: ol-ṡodain bá ṡainred do ḟémiun21: dían22: bíid insin23: abuith24: sain écosc noe ꝉ alii dicunt .i. luam[6]25: exceptis .i. ar nítat adiectisidi26: combad ɔiux 27: file la grecu indib28: glasen
1. speckled. 2. i.e. the name of a vegetable, and when it means radix ‘a root’ it lengthens the ra. 5. i.e. a shell-fish, i.e. so he would reckon the position for shortness of nature[7]. 6. i.e. a constellation. 9. ..(?) or haircloth (?) or..[8]? 10. poisonous. 11. that snake. 13. i.e. its connexion with the noun which is not in the context, but is understood i.e. serpens (uiolator). 14. connected. 16. this is its name. 17. under that (city of) Praeneste.
[ 125 ]18. a female stander. 19. a victory-stone (triumphal arch) or a kind of house. 20. which should be peculiar to the feminine. 22. that is (although etc.). 23. its existence. 24. a peculiar species of ship, or as others say i.e. a yacht (?). 25. (uox, nox) being excepted, for these are not adjectives. 26. so that it should be conjux. 27. which are in them with the Greeks.
1. i.e. which are in them with the Greeks. 2. a bug (?). 3. i.e. name of a corn[3]. 5. i.e. female principal. 7. to the Trojans. 8. with a favourable visit. 9. when they bring forth i.e. the plural of a participle, and it is not a noun.
1. a kind of corn: hence lenticula. 2. i.e. collected.
[ 126 ]6. greater than one syllable. 9. twenty pounds. 10. rich. 12. the proper name of a tree. 13. a sail. 15. (limbus a small ship) or limbus an ornamental border. 16. a wild pigeon. 17, 18. consanguinity, a father’s brother. 21. neck-chain.
‘uepres1’… …‘hoc glomus2’.. …‘Histrum’ pro ‘Hister3’ et ‘Rhenum’ .. ‘Oceanum,’ hoc4 tamen quotiens flumen5 sequebatur, solebant facere. Ennius in Annalibus:
3. all below (are river-names). 4. to make neuters of them. 5. that which is flumen (the word flumen). 6. of that star. 7. that star. 13. the place in which they treat of doubtful genders.
Numerus est dictionis forma, quae discretionem quantitatis1 facere potest. Est autem singularis uel pluralis, nam dualis2 apud Latinos non inuenitur. Et sciendum est quod in uno3 proprie
[ 127 ]non dicitur nuraerus sed abusiue, quomodo nominatiuus casus non est sed abusiue casus dicitur, quod facit alios casus, quamuis multi de hoc dicant4, quod ideo casus sit dicendus quod a generali nomine5 cadunt omnium specialium nominatiui. Sed si ob hoc6 casus est dicendus, omnes partes orationis possunt uideri casum habere; et uerbum enim et aduerbium et coniunctio a generali uerbo7 et aduerbio et coniunctione cadunt in speciales positiones singularum8. Alii autem dicunt, quod ipsa terminatio nominatiui cadens in alias diuersas terminationes non incongrue casus nominatur, cum naturam habeat, ut cadere possit et cadendo9 faciat omnes casus; quippe si casus dicitur10 non solum illud in quod[1] cadat11 aliquid, sed etiam ipsa res, quae cadit12. Unde aptota dicunt13 illa nomina doctissimi artium scriptores, quae nominatiuum tantum habent casum, in quo refutatur illorum ratio14, qui ideo putant eum casum nominatum, quod a generali nomine cadat15. Possumus autem et a maiore et frequentiore parte casuum17 qui sunt obliqui, hunc quoque accipere nominatum, quomodo et syllabas ex singulis uocalibus dicimus18. Ergo singularis quoque nuraerus bene dicitur, quod…omnes numeri ex ipso componuntur et in ipsum desoluuntur19.
1: .i. herchoiliud folaid 2: .i. áram inchosaig dede ar is áram hilair lalaitnori acht asringba óen · 3: in óen
[ 127 ]4: ⁊ ní cétbaid dosom 5: .i. huandí as nomen as ochtmath rann ininsci6: uandligudsa7: uand anmmaim chenelach as uerbum 8: amal rondgab amo as indí as uerbum ⁊ bene as indí as aduerbium ⁊ reliqua9: lase dotuit ind[2]ainmnid10: deithbir ciasberthar casus nominatiu(us) 11: sechi ed .i. amal rongabsat intúisil olchenæ hituiter 12: .i. amal rongab intainmnid asatuiter 13: .i. huare nád tuiter essib hituisliu aili14: artotuiter acenélchi hi sain gnúis in aptotís 15: uandhí as nomen as ochtmad rann in insci ut diximus 16: .i. idem hoc ⁊ quod praedixit .i. quomodo nominatiuus non est reliqua ⁊ issed són · as maith leosom17: .i. huare is lia aní dianeperr casus and18: arit lia sillaba illitrib quam ó oinlitrib19: .i. in oena focerddar ⁊ dofuasailgther cach áram
1. i.e. determination of substance. 2. i.e. the number that signifies a pair of things, for with the Latins it is the plural number provided it exceed one.
[ 127 ]4. and it is not an opinion of his. 5. i.e. from the noun which is one of the eight parts in speech[3]. 6. by this law. 7. from the general noun that is uerbum. 8. as for instance amo from that which is uerbum, and bene from that which is aduerbium. 9. when the nominative falls. 10. it is reasonable that one should say nominatiuus casus. 11. whatever it may be, i.e. such as the other cases in which there is falling. 12. i.e. as such as the nominative from which there is falling. 13. i.e. since there is no falling from them into other cases. 14. for in aptota there is falling from generality into a special figure. 15. from nomen, which is one of the eight parts in speech, as we said. 16. and that is what they like. 17. i.e. since more numerous is that to which the name casus is given. 18. for syllables of many letters are more numerous than those of single letters. 19. i.e. every number is cast and resolved into units.
↑for the meaning here and in 71a15 given to the ordinal, see Ir. Texte iv. preface xiv; Celt. Archiv i. 322; and Rev. Celt. xxii. 434. So in Irish (?) Latin: ostendit quod nomen octaua pars orationis est, Ars Anonyma Bernensis, Suppl. Gramm. Lat. p. 64
…nihil ultra1 citraque2 intellegere liceat… Ergo dubitationem
[ 128 ]pluralium discutit adiunctio eorum nominum, quae singulis numeris sunt propria suae cuiusdam positionis, quippe cum sint pluralia non a singularibus nata3.
Numeros autem hae habent dictiones4…id est nomina5, uerba, participia, pronomina. Aduerbium uero, quamuis saepe demonstret numerum6 ad significationem nominum numeralium7, non tamen quasi accedentem hunc habet8. Accedentia9 enim generalia fere sunt10 ad omnes species parti um perfectarum11. Quod enim dicas singularis numeri aduerbium uel quod pluralis? cum similiter omne aduerbium12 tam singularibus quam pluralibus uerbis adiungitur….‘singulatim13’….‘sepissime14 dicimus,’ quod in nulla parte alia numerum possidente potest contingere15 nisi figurate16….Praeterea nomen et pronomen et uerbum et participium17 declinantur18 in numeros…
[ 128 ]3: .i. ar isleo feissin insuidigud hitaat ar ní rochinnset ónach uathuth etir ut nomina pluralia techtaite uathath · · · 4: ar aicciditib dóib5: ar sluindid ainmm persain6: .i. dofoirṅde dobriathar[1]árim fochosmailius dofóirndet nomina numeri 7: .i. fochosmailius nondafailsigetar nomina numeri 8: .i. is airi ní aiccidit di aram air cia beit dobriathra[2]persandi robiat sidi cenáraim · · 9: ataat andsom acciditi coitchenna reliqua10: amal rongab inanmmanaib slond persine ⁊ ní aiccidit sibi calléic 11: .i. Ián .i. octo amal rongab in nomine persona ⁊ non accidens sibi 12: .i. issí indobriathar[1]chétna adchomaltar frisna briathra huathati ⁊ hilddai · · 13: ind óendaid14: dobriathar áirme leiss sepissime 15: accomol fri huathad ⁊ hilar 16: .i. dolbud filed ut pars in frusta[3] secant 17: cenmathá dobrethir ⁊ alaaili18: is accidit doṡuidib numerus ·
1. ultra i.e. on the far side of it. 2. citra i.e. on the near side of it.
[ 128 ]3. i.e. for the position in which they are is their own; for they have not descended from any singular at all, as do plural nouns that have a singular number. 4. as accidents to them. 5. for (the) noun signifies a person. 6. i.e. the adverb denotes a number even as the nouns of number denote (it). 7. i.e. even as nouns of number manifest it. 8. i.e. hence number is not an accident to it, for although there be personal adverbs, they can be without number. 9. there are there common accidents etc. 10. as there is in nouns the signification of person and yet it is not an accident of theirs. 11. i.e. full i.e. octo, as in the noun there is person, and this is not one of its accidents. 12. i.e. it is the same adverb that is joined to the singular and plural verbs. 14. he takes saepissime as a numeral adverb. 15. junction with the singular and the plural. 16. i.e. a poet’s figure, ut etc. 17. except the adverb and other (parts of speech). 18. to these number is an accident.
In uerbis1 nulla uox eadem quae apud Latinos singularis et pluralis
[ 129 ]est, id quia[1] apud Graecos interdum inuenitur, ut ἦλθον2ἐγὼ, ἦλθον ἐκεῖνοι[2].
Et in mobilibus3 trium generum omnibus singularia feminina et pluralia neutra eandem uocem habent4: ‘haec prima’ ἡ πρώτη καὶ τὰ πρῶτα5… In tertia omnia in ‘es6’ productam disinentia… ‘Qui7’ quoque tam singularis est nominatiuus quam pluralis.
1: .i. quae habent personas certas .i. combad choitchen etir uathad ⁊ ilar doneuch dofoirṅde persain deirb
[ 129 ]2: coitchena so etir diárim in oenṡun .i. innabriathra grecdi se · 3: .i. fodalet chenél4: .i. hinunn litred do uathath femin ⁊ do hilur neutair in anmmanaib fodalet chenel5: .i. haec .i. hilar neutuir 6: fodeud sin7: aní as qui
1. i.e. so that it should be common, both in singular and plural, to what signifies a determinate person.
[ 129 ]2. these are common between the two numbers in one word, i.e. these Greek words. 3. i.e. which distinguish gender. 4. i.e. the same combination-of-letters for the feminine singular and for the neuter plural in nouns that distinguish gender. 5. i.e. neuter plural. 6. this (is) at the end.
1: ni fodlatar fri slond nilḟolod 2: óthecmung[1]3: as chentarchu4: as hire5: .i. issed afolad cétna beos toḟóirṅdet6: .i. manutoltanaiged do ni bói ni aridgarad de
1. they are not divided so as to signify many substances. 2. by accident. 5. i.e. it is the same substance which they still signify. 6. i.e. had it been pleasing to him there was nothing to keep him from it.
1. of the moist things. 2. tin. 4. gilding. 11. i.e. (the twins) Castor and Pollux: naught save the plural is ever used (lit. said) for them: so the plural is used of the constellation into which they were turned. 12. name of a constellation. 13. i.e. through the usage of their being in the plural. 14. i.e. they comprise plurality in their signification. 15. the same substance. [ 130 ]16. i.e. in the extent to which the vocable is: i.e. whether it be great or small.
↑Priscian’s ὄρυζα, which the glossator mistook for obryzaχρυσίον ὄβρυζον; cf. abrizum, splendor auri, Corp. Gloss. Lat, v. 259. The gloss díor is = diór Wind. Wtb.
separatim accepta est figura1 a Graecis. …quia, quod suum est compositorum, non habet, id est ut ipsa per se ex diuersis componatur dictionibus separatim intelligendis2 sub uno accentu et unam rem suppositam, id est significandam accipiat3, ut est ‘res puplica’… Una enim est res supposita4, duae uero uoces5 diuersae sub uno accentu prolatae… Si enim dicam: ‘magnanimitas compositum est a magno et animitate,’ nihil dico6, ‘animitas’ enim per se non dicitur7. …‘impietas,’ ‘infelicitas’ ‘perfectio.’ Quae si ab impio et infelice et perfecto dicamus deriuata, decomposita sunt8…
1. that is a species apart of [lit. on] the figure: ‘apart,’ that is, by the species. 2. i.e. though the words that are in the compound are separated they return to integrity, and signify somewhat after their separation. 3. they express one substance after composition, that is, the substance put under the word. 4. i.e. one substance. 5. that is, two (different) words. 6. I say nothing therein[5], i.e. it is not a law. 7. to express by itself any substance. 8. i.e. they will be called decomposita, if that be said of them.
…ut[1] est ‘facio efficio1’… …illa participia uidentur a semplicibus suis2 esse composita, quae non uerborum sui temporis, sed participiorum semplicium regulam seruant, ut…‘contuli conlatus3’ a simplici ‘latus.’ …‘senatusdecretum4,’ ‘plebiscitum5’…
‘causidicus1’…‘nequis2.’ Ipsa tamen quoque ante composita necesse est in duas intellegibiles dictiones resolui3. Ex hoc componitur ‘impotens’…ex simplici et decomposito4. …si duo sint nominatiui, ex utraque parte declinatur compositum…quod Graeci nunquam faciunt in
[ 131 ]compositis5. Dicunt enim, oportere compaginem, qua cohaerent in compositione dictiones, immobilem manere6. Hoc igitur non seruantes7 Latini diuisorum quidem utimur declinatione, accentu tamen compositorum. Quod dicentes non uidemur contra supra dictam Graecorum de compagine rationem facere8…
1. causally. 3. their resolution into two intelligible parts. 4. i.e. each of them. [ 131 ]5. i.e. the declension in each of the two parts (of the compound). 6. that one of the two parts be undeclined. 7. the persistence of one of the two parts without declension. 8. it is not a separation of a compound which is here, since it is pronounced under a single accent.
…‘alteruter alterutrius,’ quod tamen ipsum non absque ratione non declinatur1. Nam cum duae contra se pugnant regulae, ut alteram2 seruet, necesario perdidit alteram3. Unde Cicero pro M. Marcello: ‘quod si in alterutro4 peccatum sit, malim timidus quam parum prudens uideri.’ Itaque masculinum quoque5 eorum est declinationem secutum propter rationem supra dictam in ‘ius’ terminantis genetiui, qui communis trium uult esse generum. Nec solum tamen in declinationibus6 nominum hoc continguit, sed etiam in accentibus7, ut…‘plerusque pleraque plerumque.’ …‘que8’ enim, nisi separata sit…coniunctio enclitica esse non debet, nisi illud dicamus, quod ‘que,’ quando cum intigris componitur dictionibus, quamuis significationem suam amittat…, tamen enclitici uim seruat, exceptis differentiae causa ‘itaque,’ ‘utique’;
1. not without principle is their absence of declension in the two parts. 2. the common trigeneric genitive. 3. its declension in each of the two parts. 4. i.e. ’tis not altero utro that he says: ’tis outside he has put (exposuit) its declinability, not in the middle. 5. i.e. alteruter; although it is a compound of two integrals that is here. 6. congruence of gender to gender in declension. 7. so there is congruence of gender to gender in accents.
in his enim non solum coniunctio, sed etiam praeposita ei1 aduerbia uim propriae significationis conuertunt composita. Vetustissimi tamen2 et ‘altera utra’ et
[ 132 ]‘alterum utrum’ et ‘alterius utrius’ solebant proferre3 et ‘plerus plera plerum4’ absque ‘que’ additione. Ergo nihil aliud est in his nominibus ‘que’ nisi syllaba epectasis5…et ‘plerus plera plerum’ et ‘plerusque pleraque plerumque’ idem significant6. ‘Uter’ enim, πότερος, diuiduam uim habet7, ‘uterque’ ἑκάτερος, collectiuam8… …‘que9’… Et inuenimus per omnes fere casus composita10, ut ‘iurisperitus11’…‘praefectusurbi12’…‘agricola agrum’
1: .i. dondí as que[1]2: .i. ciasid ruburt frit tuas alter utra pro altera utra robói camaiph dano laarsaidi altera utra ⁊ alterum utrum .i. comsuidigud odib nogaib isindḟemun ⁊ neutur amal rondgab isinmascul ·
[ 132 ]3: .i. daeltais dano fo a dánog innagenitin4: robói són dano leo5: .i. olní comacomol · que iṅge mad[2]etarscartha ⁊ ol issinunn sluindess plerus ⁊ plerusque[3] · reliqua 6: .i. afolad cétna7: ad unum uirum pertinet sed isfer addiis8: dodiis asberr són semper 9: ani asque 10: .i. comsuidgud fricach tuisel11: comsuidigud frigenitne insin12: fritobarthaid
1. i.e. to que. 2. i.e. though I have said to thee above, alter utra for altera utra, the ancients, however, had altera utra and alterum utrum, i.e. composition of two integrals in the feminine and neuter as is in the masculine. [ 132 ]3. i.e. they used to decline it then according to its two integrals in its genitive. 4. this, then, they had. 5. i.e. because que is not a conjunction unless it be separated, and because plerus and plerusque signify the same, etc. 6. i.e. the same substance. 7. it belongs to one man, but it is one out of two. 8. of a pair this is said always. 10. i.e. composition with every case. 11. that is composition with genitives. 12. with a dative.
1. with an accusative. 2. with a vocative, i.e. O greatly increased! 3. i.e. these two (explanations) are nearly the same. 4. what (is their difference?) i.e. a question.
Neutrum uero si sit aptotum, necessario etiam pro accusatiuo et uocatiuo accipitur eius nominatiuus, quod generale est omnium neutrorum1… …‘hi quatuor, horum · iiii ·’…2
Velut autem una uoce diuersas possunt habere significationes3 tam declinabilia per quosdam casus4 quam indeclinabilia per omnes casus, sic e contrario diuersis uocibus saepe inuenimus unam eandem
que fieri significationem, ut ‘labor’ et ‘labos5’…‘ei6’ uel ‘ii’…
Est autem rectus, qui et nominatiuus dicitur. Per ipsum enim
[ 133 ]nominatio fit7… Rectus autem dicitur, quod ipse primus natura nascitur uel positione8…
1. i.e. that those three (nom., ace. and voc.) should be derived from the nominative. 2. for an example he puts the two articles here: they are then with it all thus. 3. i.e. to one form. 4. i.e. the nominative and vocative, the genitive and dative of the first declension etc. 5. identical is the meaning which both express etc. sic. 6. i.e. from is, eius, ei.
[ 133 ]7. by means of it is the naming of the thing in directness. 8. in order to signify a thing.
…generale uidetur esse hic casus genitiuus1… …patronymica pariter2 in eum resoluuntur. …causatiuus’…‘in causa hominem facio4.’
…a notioribus et frequentioribus acceperunt nominationem, sicut in aliis quoque multis hoc inuenimus5…‘neutra’ dicimus uerba, non quod solum ea in hac specie inueniuntur, quae neutram habent significationem6, id est nec actiuam nee pasiuam7, absolute dicta8…
Genetiuus secundum locum sibi defendit: hic quoque naturale uinculum generis posidet9, et nascitur quidem a nominatiuo…
1. generative, because it generates almost all the cases. 2. with possessives. 4. i.e. I bring him down so that he may be in cause. 5. i.e. naming from the thing that is greatest therein. 6. i.e. these are they that do not possess either signification. 7. i.e. from the sense of action and passion. 8. i.e. and they, i.e. unless they possess the two significations. 9. i.e. a son after his father.
↑der strich unter ut (priami filius) steht wohl nur zufällig über ‑thacha, Thurneysen
datiuus, qui magis amicis conuenit, tertium1, et quod uel eandem habet uocera genetiuo uel unius abiectione uel motatione literae2 ab eo2a fit2b qui uero magis ad inimicos attinet, id est accusatiuus, quartum3… Igitur ablatiuus proprius est Romanorum et…quia nouus uidetur a Latinis inuentus, uetustati reliquorum casuum concessit, quamuis hunc quoque a[1] uetustissimis Graecorum grammaticis accepisse uidentur, qui sextum casum dicebant ‘οὐρανόθεν,’ ‘ἐμέθεν4’…qui profecto ablatiui uim possidet: nam etiam praepositionem assumit, ut ‘ἐξ ἐμέθεν5,’ ‘ἐξ οὐρανόθεν’ Homerus.
His quidam addunt ilia, quae tam uoce quam significatione unum casum habent6, ut ‘huiusmodi,’ ‘istiusmodi.’
2. even as there is the ejection of s from the genitive of the fourth declension and the addition of i in the dative. 4. i.e. the ablative of the ancient Greeks. 5. so that this is said: ’tis for this an example has been cited. 6. i.e. these are aptota according to him (Priscian) before[2].
…ut ‘sponte sua1’… Denique in comparationibus absque praepositione solet proferri ablatiuus, nec tamen dicit quisquam2 septimum tunc esse casum, sed ablatiuum… In quo omnes artium scriptores consentiunt3…
1. i.e. the sua is a superfluous addition[2] to the example. 2. i.e. although it is without a preposition. 3. in calling it an ablative.
↑Perhaps the gen. after an Irish verb = consentio is a relic of a construction like that of the gen. after Latin impersonal verbs of feeling, W.S.; cf. the genitive with the adjective, e.g. comchosmail crotha ⁊ delba Rev. Celt. xiii. 440, J.S.
↑lit. adherence: toglenemon = toglenamon infra 104b2, cf. Rev. Celt. xx. 445
…‘rege Latino’ pro ‘regnante Latino,’ quamuis1 in huiuscemodi quoque constructionibus subauditur participium substantiuum. …‘ἐν τῷ βασιλεύειν2 Τραϊανόν’ ἀντὶ τοῦ ‘βασιλεύοντος3 Τραϊανοῦ[1].’ Etiam tunc pro genetiuo ponitur Graeco, quando per participium ‘habens4’ et accusatiuum interpretamur eum…
Lib. VI. Igitur excusatio mihi sit audacis incepti1 difficillima recusatio2 tuae iussionis.
…multo labore inuenta et diuerso auctoritatis usu approbata3 subiungam[1]. …nec mirum, cum etiam ipsi probatissimi artium scriptores non omnino certis haec regulis4 disseruisse noscuntur.
Solatio enim mihi ipse esse possum, qui ueterum scriptorum artis grammaticae uitia corrigere, quamuis audacissime5, sed maximis auctoribus Herodiano et Appollonio confisus ingredior, si quid in meis quoque homani erroris6 acciderit scriptis, quod sit emendandum7.
1: .i. denom indṡáirsi2: ní ɔtalla obbad fair[2]itir3: .i. anderbad hua desimrechtaib auctoritatis4: .i. nihuile asderb5: cesudánatu dom6: ar ní coimtig duine cenchomrorcain7: .i. ishe se incomdíthnad .i. ol as cocarti8: fissith
1. i.e. the making of the art (ars). 2. it does not admit of refusal at all[3]. 3. i.e. to certify them by examples of authority. 4. i.e. not all is certain. 5. though it is boldness in me. 6. for not frequent is one without error. 7. i.e. this is the consolation, i.e. because it is to be corrected.
1. i.e. a neuter plural according to the first declension. 2. i.e. if, then, there were a neuter according to the first declension its nom. sing. and pl. would be according to the same paradigm. 3. from genus. 4. i.e. to-day, with modern writers, (are they) common bigeneric[3]. 5. i.e. in the neuter. 6. in the neuter. 7. i.e. why does nullus form a plural number? because it is a compound, as he will shew afterwards[4] etc. 8. from these eight above (unus, ullus, nullus, solus, totus, alius, uter, alter).
1. i.e. the ending in these of the genitive in ‑i and of the dative in ‑o. 2. i.e. that the genitive should be in ‑as. 3. i.e. although it is pater familias that I have said.
1. i.e. so that filius familiarum is the nominative. 2. from patres familiis. 4. the accusative, then, of the first declension with the ancients. 5. this then is indeclinable.
2. i.e. the neuter is more frequent in it in the singular. 4. i.e. suscepta to the nominative in the genitive. 5. Ἑλένη, the Greek. 6. i.e. of those works[2] (artes).
…‘alcedo1 alcedinis.’ Nam et ‘uultur’ et ‘uulturus’ et ‘uulturius’ dicitur2. ‘Nemo’ quoque, sine ex hoc [scil. homo] conpositum3, …seu non, communis est generis… …‘turbo4 turbinis,’ quando de ui uentorum loquimur…
…‘cupido cupidinis1,’ quod masculino quidem genere deum significat plerumque et est proprium, feminino uero ipsam rem. Itaque feminini praeualuit declinatio2.
Excipitur etiam ‘caro3’ femininum ‘carnis.’ Vetustissimi tamen etiam nominatiuum ‘haec carnis’ proferebant4, qui magis rationabilis est ad genetiuum. Itaque eius, quod est ‘caro,’ dimminutiuum ‘caruncula’ est5…
1: .i. ind accobair2: .i. is diall femin file fair .i. motato ·o· in ·i· in genitiuo3: ní ·o· in ·i dogníson4: nominatiuus as carnis 5: conid riagolda caro dond ainmmnid in chrutsin · 6: cammderc7: ɔid calipso calipsonis dogní8: a airdérgud leiss fudeud híc ·
1. i.e. of the desire. 2. it is the feminine declension which is on it, o being changed into i in the genitive. 3. this does not make o into i. 4. a nominative carnis. 5. so that in this wise caro is regular as the nominative. 7. so that it makes Calypso Calypsonis. 8. here he has his purpose[2] at last.
