PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 4!
knmo no anata, " beyond the clouds "). Anata is a polite expression; with the addition of saina, u Mr," "Mrs," " Miss," " Lord," " Lady," it is supremely polite. Omae, lit. " honourably in front," was formerly polite, but is now only used in addressing inferiors, such as coolies, one's own servants, one's own children, etc. Omae san (san is short for sama) stands half-way between anata and omae in politeness. It is much used by women. Sensei " senior," is used chiefly in addressing men or women of learning. Danna san, " Mr. Master," is used by a ser- vant in addressing his master, and by inferiors generally. Kiwi, " prince," is chiefly used by young men in address- ing each other. Besides these may be mentioned Heika, lit. " beneath the steps of the throne," i.e. " Your Majesty;" Kakka "beneath the council-chamber," i.e. "Your Excellency; " sono ho, "that side," the equivalent for "you " current in the law-courts ; kisama, an insulting term used in addressing an inferior with whom one is angry.
N. B. Etymologically kisama means " exalted Sir ; " but, like several honorifics, it has fallen from its former high estate.
The word tenmc, lit. " before the hand," is remarkable ; for it may be used either as a very humble and therefore polite equivalent for " I," or as an insulting equivalent for "you."
1"' 68. Sensei, Danna san, Heika, and Kakka, are as appro- priate for the third person (" he " or " she ") as for the second. Anata may also occasionally be heard in that sense. Much in use also for " he and " she " are ano hlto, "that person," more politely ano o kata, lit. " that honourable side;" ano otoko, "that man;" ano onna, "that woman;" ano ojiisan, "that old gentleman;" ano
