User:Glide08/Sandbox/U.S.A. (old)

From Wikisource
Jump to navigation Jump to search


THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(1789)


Preamble

[edit]

We, the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Article I. The Legislative Branch

[edit]

Section 1. The Legislature

[edit]
  1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives, but the people reserve to themselves the power of initiative, which is the power of a specified number of voters to submit constitutional amendments and laws to the Congress for approval or rejection; and the power of referendum, which is the power of a specified number of voters to submit constitutional amendments and laws, enacted by the Congress, to the people for their ratification or rejection. An initiative or referendum on laws shall be done by a petition of eligible voters numbering no less than 1.5% of voters at the last presidential election, and of constitutional amendments, no less than 2% of voters at the last presidential election.

Section 2. The House of Representatives

[edit]
  1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every fourth Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. In case the House of Representatives is dissolved, the newly elected Members shall serve the unexpired portion of the term from the time the President convokes the House, which shall not be later than thirty days immediately following their election.
  2. No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
  3. Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by counting the whole number of citizens in each State. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of Quebec shall be entitled to choose four, Nova Scotia one, New Hampshire three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five and Georgia three.
  4. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. Congress shall have power to provide by law for the filling of vacancies that may occur in the House of Representatives in the event of the death or incapacity of a substantial number of members arising out a duly recognized threat to the security of the United States. Any acting member appointed under this provision shall serve until a member is elected to fill the vacancy in accordance with the applicable laws regarding special elections in the State involved.
  5. In an ordinary election of Representatives, each State shall form one district for the purpose of electing Representatives, but each voter shall always cast only one vote; seats shall be reserved for the several political parties taking part in the election, by dividing the number of votes cast for candidates sponsored by a given party by the sum of one and the number of seats already reserved for that party, and reserving a seat to the party with the largest number obtained as the result of such a division, until all seats in a State are reserved; every seat reserved to a party shall be filled by the candidate sponsored by that party who received the greatest number of votes and has not already taken a seat, until all seats reserved are filled; a political party shall never sponsor more candidates than there are seats in the House of Representatives for a given State.
  6. In any special election to the House of Representatives, only candidates sponsored by the Political Party for which the seat in which the vacancy occurs is reserved may participate.
  7. The Prime Minister may advise the President in writing to dissolve the House of Representatives whenever the need arises for a popular vote of confidence on fundamental issues, but not on a matter involving his own personal integrity. Whereupon, the President may dissolve the House of Representatives not earlier than seven nor later than fourteen days from his receipt of the advice, and call for an election on a date set by him which shall not be earlier than forty-five nor later than sixty days from the date of such dissolution. However, no dissolution of the House of Representatives shall take place within six months immediately preceding a regular election of the House of Representatives or within six months immediately following such election, or during the pendency of impeachment proceedings against the President, or when the powers of the President are exercised by another officer. The House of Representatives shall not be dissolved oftener than once every twelve (12) months.
  8. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Section 3. The Senate

[edit]
  1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Elected Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for eight Years, and not more than seven Senators-for-life (other than Senators-for-life by right), appointed by the President to serve during good behaviour; and each Senator shall have one Vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.
  2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, the Elected Senators shall be divided as equally as may be into two Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the second Class at the Expiration of the eighth Year, so that one half may be chosen every fourth Year. The division shall be done, if both Senators receive an equal number of votes, by lot, and in all other cases, the Senator obtaining the highest number of votes shall be of the second class and the other Senator, of the first class. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of each State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
  3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
  4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
  5. The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.
  6. The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President or Vice-President of the United States, or a Senator-for-life, is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside, and the Senators-for-life shall have no vote: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Section 4. Elections, Meetings

[edit]
  1. The elections for Senators and Representatives shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, and, subject to the foregoing, the Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Place of Chusing Senators.
  2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. The term of Senators and Representatives shall commence at noon of the third day of January.

Section 5. Membership, Rules, Journals, Adjournment

[edit]
  1. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
  2. Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two-thirds, expel a Member, other than a Senator-for-life. Members of either House, other than Senators-for-life, may be recalled by a petition of eligible voters numbering no less than 5% of voters at the last election of members of that House in that State; the recall shall be effective only if approved by a statewide plebiscite in which a majority of all votes are in the affirmative. Senators-for-life by right, however, may be recalled in like manner as the President.
  3. Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
  4. Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Section 6. Compensation, Conditions of Membership, Seats to officers, Membership by right

[edit]
  1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
  2. No Senator or Representative, other than a Senator-for-life by right, shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House, other than a Senator-for-life by right, during his Continuance in Office.
  3. But Congress may, by law, grant to the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments and other Agencies and Institutions established under the laws of the United states, as well as such other persons as they may judge useful, a seat upon the floor of either House, with the privilege of discussing any measures appertaining to his department, agency, or expertise. When any such officer shall enter onto the floor of either House, Congress shall have authority to request and require him to provide information appertaining to his department, agency, or expertise, save that on the advice of the President sensitive issues of import to the security of the United States shall be discussed only in closed session of Congress. Former Presidents, possessing great experience and insight into the workings of Government, shall be Senators-for-life by right. Those Convicted on Charges of Impeachment or recalled by the people shall be stripped of their entitlement to said membership by right. No person shall hold the privilege of voting in Congress unless they have been duly elected or otherwise chosen to either House.

Section 7. Revenue Bills, State Admission bills, Legislative Process, Legislative Inquiries, Presidential Veto

[edit]
  1. All bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. All bills for the approval of new states shall originate in the Senate; but the House of Representatives may propose of concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
  2. If a House passes any proposed law, and the other House rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the first House will not agree, and if after an interval of three months the first House, in the same or the next session, again passes the proposed law with or without any amendments which have been made, suggested, or agreed to by the other House, and the other House rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the first House will not agree, the bill shall be referred to a conciliation commission, consisting of twelve Senators and twelve Representatives, elected by each House.
  3. The bill, as considered by the conciliation commission, shall be presented to the House of Representatives and the Senate in joint session, which shall deliberate and vote on the bill as one body. If the bill be passed by a majority of the whole number of Representatives and Senators in the joint session, it shall be presented to the President in like Manner as if it had passed the House of Representatives and the Senate.
  4. Either house of Congress or any of its committees may conduct inquiries in aid of legislation in accordance with its duly published rules of procedure. The rights of persons appearing in, or affected by such inquiries shall be respected.
  5. Every law, or resolution having the force of law, shall relate to but one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title.
  6. Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it.
  7. Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
  8. The President may approve any appropriation and disapprove any other appropriation in the same bill. In such case he shall, in signing the bill, designate the appropriations disapproved; and shall return a copy of such appropriations, with his objections, to the House in which the bill shall have originated; and the same proceedings shall then be had as in case of other bills disapproved by the President.

Section 8. Powers of Congress

[edit]
  1. The Congress shall have Power:
    • To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
    • To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
    • To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
    • To promote Useful Enterprises, including Commerce, Manufacture, and Agriculture, by granting to them Bounties for limited Times; but all Bounties shall be awarded among eligible recipients throughout the United States according to fair and uniform criteria of merit and public usefulness;
    • To limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons under eighteen years of age;
    • To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
    • To coin Money, emit Bills of Credit, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
    • To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;
    • To establish Post Offices and Post Roads;
    • To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times, not exceeding fifty years, to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries, providing for freedom of speech, of the press, scholarship, or other similar Fair Use;
    • To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
    • To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
    • To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
    • To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
    • To provide and maintain a Navy;
    • To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
    • To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
    • To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
    • To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District as may, by Cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;
    • To charter agencies and institutions, including a National Bank, in order to carry out its delegated powers, and establish Executive Departments, in order to fulfill the responsibilities of the Executive of the United States;
    • To uphold and enforce the rights, freedoms and guarantees stipulated by this Constitution and such other privileges as they may establish by law, according to their other powers; And
    • To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof, and call plebiscites on matters relating thereto.

Section 9. Limits on Congress

[edit]
  1. No capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. But the Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
  2. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
  3. No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
  4. No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.
  5. No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.
  6. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince or foreign State.

Section 10. Federal Electoral Commission

[edit]
  1. The President shall appoint a Federal Electoral Commission, composed of a Chairman and six Commissioners, who are members of the Bar of any State who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least ten years, to serve during good behaviour.
  2. The Federal Electoral Commission shall exercise the following powers and functions:
    1. Enforce and administer all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of an election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, and recall.
    2. Exercise exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the elections, returns, and qualifications of all elective state officials, and appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving elective local officials decided by trial courts of general jurisdiction.
      Decisions, final orders, or rulings of the Commission on election contests involving elective local offices shall be final, executory, and not appealable.
    3. Decide, except those involving the right to vote, all questions affecting elections, including determination of the number and location of polling places, appointment of election officials and inspectors, and registration of voters.
    4. Deputize, with the concurrence of the President, law enforcement agencies and instrumentalities of the Government, including the Armed Forces of the United States, for the exclusive purpose of ensuring free, orderly, honest, peaceful, and credible elections.
    5. Register, after sufficient publication, political parties, organizations, or coalitions which, in addition to other requirements, must present their platform or program of government; and accredit citizens' arms of the Federal Electoral Commission. Religious denominations and sects shall not be registered. Those which seek to achieve their goals through violence or unlawful means, or refuse to uphold and adhere to this Constitution, or which are supported by any foreign government shall likewise be refused registration.
      Financial contributions from foreign governments and their agencies to political parties, organizations, coalitions, or candidates related to elections, constitute interference in national affairs, and, when accepted, shall be an additional ground for the cancellation of their registration with the Commission, in addition to other penalties that may be prescribed by law.
    6. File, upon a verified complaint, or on its own initiative, petitions in court for inclusion or exclusion of voters; investigate and, where appropriate, prosecute cases of violations of election laws, including acts or omissions constituting election frauds, offenses, and malpractices.
    7. Recommend to the Congress effective measures to minimize election spending, including limitation of places where propaganda materials shall be posted, and to prevent and penalize all forms of election frauds, offenses, malpractices, and nuisance candidacies.
    8. Recommend to the President the removal of any officer or employee it has deputized, or the imposition of any other disciplinary action, for violation or disregard of, or disobedience to, its directive, order, or decision.
    9. Submit to the President and the Congress, a comprehensive report on the conduct of each election, plebiscite, initiative, referendum, or recall.

Article. II. The Executive Branch

[edit]

Section 1. The President; Recall of the President

[edit]
  1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same Term. The term of the President and Vice-President shall commence at noon of the twentieth day of January.
  2. The President may be recalled by a petition of eligible voters numbering no less than 5% of voters at the last presidential election; the recall shall be effective only if approved by a nationwide plebiscite in which a majority both of all votes and a plurality of votes cast in a majority of the several states are in the affirmative.
  3. The recall of the President shall result in the removal of the Vice-President from office.

Section 2. Election of the President and Vice-President

[edit]
  1. The President and Vice President shall be elected by the direct vote of the citizens of the United States, without regard to whether the citizens are residents of a State, as follows:
  2. One vote shall be cast jointly for a pair of candidates for President and Vice President.
  3. A pair of candidates may be nominated by a political party which has had at least 5% of the seats in the House of Representatives reserved to it at the last election of Representatives, or by a petition signed by eligible voters numbering no less than 1.5% of voters at the last presidential election.
  4. A primary election shall be held on the Tuesday next after the second Wednesday in October, in which all voters may vote for any pair of candidates without regard to political party preferences.
  5. The candidates for President and Vice President of the pair of candidates having the greatest number of votes in the primary election shall be elected, so long as such pair of candidates has a majority of all the votes, and a plurality of votes cast in a majority of the several States, in that election, and the ensuing general election shall not be held.
  6. If no pair of candidates have such a majority in the primary election, then the pairs of candidates having the two highest numbers of votes shall advance to the general election, which shall be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, and the candidates for President and Vice President of the pair of candidates having the greatest number of votes in the general election shall be elected.
  7. If more than one pair of candidates have the greatest number of votes in the general election, then from these pairs, the House of Representatives and the Senate in joint session and voting as one body shall, on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, choose by ballot, the pair of candidates to be elected. But in choosing the pair, a quorum for this purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Representatives and Senators from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of the whole number of Representatives and Senators shall be necessary to a choice.
  8. In all cases, as soon as may be possible after the close of polls in the primary or general election, the Federal Electoral Commission shall transmit the returns of that election, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each county, sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;
  9. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted, referring judgment on the returns to upon the approval of a majority vote of both houses of Congress in joint session, to the Federal Electoral Commission.
  10. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and if neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, the House of Representatives and the Senate in joint session and voting as one body shall immediately choose by ballot a person to act as President. But in choosing the acting President, a quorum for this purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Representatives and Senators from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of the whole number of Representatives and Senators shall be necessary to a choice. The person so chosen shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.
  11. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons in a pair of candidates between the primary election and the general election, or between the general election and the determination of the pair of candidates to be elected by Congress.

Section 3. Disability and Succession

[edit]
  1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
  2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a three-fifths vote of both Houses of Congress.
  3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
  4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
  5. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
  6. In case of a simultaneous removal, death, resignation or inability of the President and Vice President, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall act as President, and cease to discharge his duties as Speaker, until a President and Vice-President shall be elected or, in case of inability, until the inability of either the President or the Vice-President shall be earlier removed.
  7. The Congress may by law provide for the case of a simultaneous removal, death, resignation or inability of the President, Vice-President and Speaker of the House, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act as President accordingly, until a President shall be elected or, in case of inability, until the inability of the President, Vice-President or Speaker shall be earlier removed.
  8. In case of a simultaneous removal, death or resignation of the President and Vice-President, of an inability of the Vice-President simultaneous with the removal, death or resignation of the President, a special election shall be held, in which the primary election shall be held on the last Tuesday before the expiration of a 45-day period commencing at the simultaneous vacancy occurring, the general election shall be held 21 days after the primary election, and the determination of the pair of candidates to be elected by congress shall be held 14 days after the general election. The President and Vice-President elected in a special presidential election shall serve for the remainder of the terms of their predecessors, and their terms shall begin 56 days after the primary election, provided that if a simultaneous vacancy occurs in the last 6 months of the original presidential term, the terms of the President and Vice-President elected in the subsequent special election shall be extended to the end of the term next following the original presidential term.

Section 4. Qualifications, Compensation, and Oath of Office

[edit]
  1. No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, or a Citizen of the United States, who has been for thirty years a citizen of the United States, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. And no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
  2. The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.
  3. Before they enter on the Execution of their offices, the President and Vice President, and before he enter on the discharge of the duties of the President, the acting President, shall take the following Oath or Affirmation before the House of Representatives and the Senate in joint session:
  4. "In the presence of everyone assembled here, and in full realisation of the high calling I am about to assume, I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President (execute the office of Vice-President/discharge the duties of the office of President as acting President) of the United States, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States, always promoting all that will advance them and opposing all that may harm them, that I will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States, that I will do justice to every man, that I will consecrate myself to the service of the Union, and that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion."

Section 5. Civilian Power over Military, Cabinet, Pardon Power, Appointments, Emergency Powers

[edit]
  1. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States, and accordingly, shall preside over the higher councils and committees of national defence; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States or any State, except in Cases of Impeachment, or when any such Pardon or Reprieve shall be overruled by a two-thirds vote of the Senate.
  2. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister for election by the House of Representatives; nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Prime Minister, shall appoint the other Ministers of the Cabinet, Deputy Ministers and heads of Departments; and nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Diplomatic Agents and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, members of the Federal Electoral Commission, heads of Agencies and Institutions, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Agencies, Institutions, or Departments, and establish fair, equitable, and reasonable criteria of merit for the selection of eligible candidates.
  3. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session; but no person rejected by the Senate shall be reappointed to the same office during their ensuing recess.
  4. In case of invasion, or rebellion, or imminent danger thereof when the public safety requires it, the President may suspend the right of the Writ of Habeas Corpus, or declare a state of emergency in the United States or any part thereof, or place the United States or any part thereof under martial law.
  5. In case of serious and immediate threat against the institutions of the federal government, or the independence of the United States, or the integrity of their territory, or the fulfillment of their international commitments, and where the proper functioning of constitutional machinery is interrupted, the President shall take such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient in light of these circumstances. He shall inform, as soon as may be possible, the people of these measures. The measures must ensure the resumption of the proper functioning of constitutional machinery as soon as may be possible.

Section 6. Control of Executive Departments, Guidelines of national policy, Heads of Departments, Cabinet

[edit]
  1. The President shall have control of the executive Departments. He shall formulate the guidelines of national policy.
  2. There shall be a Cabinet which shall be composed of the Prime Ministers and the Ministers of the Cabinet.
  3. The Cabinet, presided over by the President, shall assist the President in the exercise of his powers and functions and in the performance of his duties as he may prescribe. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet shall be responsible to the Congress for the program of government approved by the President.
  4. The heads of Departments shall come from the Ministers of the Cabinet, but the President and the Vice-President may be appointed as heads of Departments.

Section 7. Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister

[edit]
  1. The Prime Minister shall be the head of the Cabinet. He shall have supervision of all ministries. He shall, upon the nomination of the President, be elected by a majority of all the Members of the House of Representatives.
  2. The President may nominate a Deputy Prime Minister who shall be elected by a majority of all the Members of the House of Representatives. The Deputy Prime Minister shall perform such functions as may be assigned to him by the Prime Minister.
  3. The term of office of the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister shall commence from the date of his election by the House of Representatives and shall end on the date that the nomination of his successor is submitted by the President to the House of Representatives.
  4. The Vice President may be nominated and elected as Prime Minister or as Deputy Prime Minister. His vacating his position as such shall be without vacating his position as Vice President.

Section 8. Ministers of the Cabinet, Heads of Departments, Deputy Ministers

[edit]
  1. The President shall appoint the Ministers of the Cabinet who shall perform such functions as may be assigned to them by law. Their number must not exceed 45.
  2. Ministers of the Cabinet who are not heads of Departments shall be known as Ministers without portfolio. Their number must not exceed 5.
  3. The President shall appoint the Deputy Ministers who shall perform such functions as may be assigned to them by law or by the respective Ministers. Their Number must not exceed 15.
  4. The term of office of a Minister of the Cabinet shall commence from the date of his appointment by the President and shall end on the date of his removal by the President, or the date that the confidence of the House of Representatives in him is withdrawn.
  5. The President and the Vice President may be appointed as Ministers of the Cabinet or as Deputy Ministers. Their vacating their position as such shall be without vacating their position as President or Vice President.

Section 9. Withdrawal of Confidence, Question hour

[edit]
  1. The House of Representatives may withdraw its confidence from the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister or any Minister of the Cabinet by a majority vote of all its Members. The motion for a vote of no confidence in that officer shall be calendared for debate if it is signed by at least one-fifth of the Representatives. No such motion shall be debated and voted upon until after the lapse of seven days after its submission.
  2. A successful motion of no confidence in the Prime Minister shall entail the removal of the whole cabinet.
  3. Within ten days from receipt of the written advice of the approval of the motion of no confidence in the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister or a Minister of the Cabinet, the President shall submit a nominee for a replacement.
  4. There shall be a question hour at least once a week or as often as the Rules of the House of Representatives may provide, which shall be included in its agenda, during which the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister or any Minister of the Cabinet may be required to appear and answer questions and interpellation by the Representatives. Written questions shall be submitted to the Speaker at least three days before a scheduled question hour. Interpellations shall not be limited to the written questions, but may cover matters related thereto. The agenda shall specify the subjects of the question hour.

Section 10. State of the Union, Convening Congress, Misc. Presidential Powers

[edit]
  1. The President shall ensure due respect for the Constitution; he shall ensure, by his arbitration, the proper functioning of the public authorities and the continuity of the federal government; he shall be the guardian of the independence of the United States, or the integrity of their territory, or the fulfillment of their international commitments, and of due respect for treaties entered thereby; he shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Diplomatic Agents; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

Section 11. Disqualification

[edit]
  1. The President, Vice President, Senators-for-life, members of the Federal Electoral Commission and judges of the United States shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
  2. The Vice-President and the principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, and all persons connected with the diplomatic service, may be removed from office at the pleasure of the President, but such a removal of the Vice-President shall be effective only upon confirmation by a three-fifths vote of both Houses of Congress. All other officers of the Executive Departments may be removed at any time by the President, or other appointing power, when their services are unnecessary, or for dishonesty, incapacity, inefficiency, misconduct, or neglect of duty; and when so removed, the removal shall be reported to the Senate, together with the reasons therefor.
  3. The impeachment of the President shall result in the removal of the Vice-President from office.

Article III. The Judicial Branch

[edit]

Section 1. Judicial powers

[edit]
  1. The judicial Power of the United States, including the power to decide on the compliance of laws and regulations with this Constitution, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
  2. No judge or magistrate shall be elected to office, but shall be appointed by the Executive branch and confirmed by the legislature of the jurisdiction of the office.
  3. The Chief Justice or other judge heading any court shall not be subject to separate appointment as such, but shall be ipso facto the most senior judge of that court.

Section 2. Extent of Judicial powers, Jury Trials

[edit]
  1. The judicial Power shall extend:
    • to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;
    • to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;
    • to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;
    • to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;
    • to Controversies between two or more States;
    • between a State and Citizens of another State, where the State is plaintiff;
    • between Citizens of different States;
    • between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects;
    but no State shall be sued by a citizen or subject of any foreign state.
  2. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
  3. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Section 3. Treason

[edit]
  1. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War, Insurrection, or Rebellion against them, by bearing arms in the field against the United States, or in adhering to their Enemies, by giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, on Confession in open Court, on written proof of an overt Act, or on similarly irrefutable evidence.
  2. The Congress shall have power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

Article IV. The Bill of Rights

[edit]

Section 1. Inviolability of human dignity and legally binding force of basic rights

[edit]
  1. Human dignity shall be inviolable. To respect and protect it shall be the duty of all state authority.
  2. The people of the United States therefore acknowledge inviolable and inalienable human rights as the basis of every community, of peace and of justice in the world.
  3. The following basic rights shall bind the legislature, the executive and the judiciary as directly applicable law:

Section 2. Freedom of Religion, Speech, and of the Press

[edit]
  1. The freedom of conscience being essential to a free state, no establishment or preference of religion shall be permitted, nor shall the free exercise of religion be impaired, nor the equal rights of conscience be infringed. Likewise, the freedom of speech and of the press, the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances shall not be infringed, impaired, or temporarily suspended. And so too the privacy of the public post and of the home shall not be impugned, but upon oath or affirmation and by due process of law. In all cases and instances where the public safety be not endangered nor the rights of other persons be threatened shall the equal rights of conscience command the utmost respect and deference under the laws of the United States.

Section 3. Right to Bear Arms

[edit]
  1. A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed unless for violent crimes committed, treason, or insanity.

Section 4. Freedom from arbitrary laws and arrest

[edit]
  1. That no person under the United States should come to harm by result of arbitrary or otherwise tyrannical law, no Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall ever be passed. The right of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, except in accordance with the fourth Clause in the Fifth Section of the second Article.

Section 5. Quartering of Soldiers

[edit]
  1. No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Section 6. Search and Seizure

[edit]
  1. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. No evidence obtained through unreasonable searches and seizures shall be considered admissible in court.

Section 7. Trial and Punishment, Compensation for Takings

[edit]
  1. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense or a Lesser offense connected to the First to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor shall be coerced to make statements against himself or others, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Section 8. Right to Speedy Trial, Confrontation of Witnesses

[edit]
  1. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses and other evidence against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses and other evidence in his favor, and to have the Assistance of competent Counsel for his defence. Statements made under coercion shall not be admissible in court.

Section 9. Trial by Jury in Civil Cases

[edit]
  1. In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Section 10. Cruel, Excessive, and Inhumane Punishment

[edit]
  1. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel, excessive, or otherwise inhumane punishments inflicted.

Section 11. Construction of Constitution

[edit]
  1. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Section 12. Freedom of the Person

[edit]
  1. A slave or other person held to service or labor in any foreign state, escaping or lawfully carried into the United States shall, in consequence of this section, recover his freedom, be discharged from such service or labor, and enjoy the equal protection of the laws.

Section 13. Right to Vote

[edit]
  1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote or hold office shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age, race, color, sex, or previous condition of servitude, or by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax, except for age qualifications for office according to this Constitution and the Constitutions of the several States. The manner of election in the United States shall not violate fair and equitable practices nor the equal franchise of each elector.

Section 14. Social Rights

[edit]
  1. Recognizing that individual liberty is impossible without economic security and independence, all persons in the United States shall be guaranteed by the United States and the several States the following inalienable economic rights:
    • The right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries or shops or farms or mines of the nation;
    • The right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation;
    • The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will give him and his family a decent living;
    • The right of every businessman, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad;
    • The right of every family to a decent home;
    • The right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health;
    • The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment;
    • The right to a good education.

Article V. The States

[edit]

Section 1. Guarantees to the States

[edit]
  1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.
  2. The domestic institutions and privileges of the several States shall not be infringed by the United States, but no State shall hamper the due exercise of the powers granted by this Constitution to the United States.
  3. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section 2. Powers prohibited to States

[edit]
  1. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but Money coined by the United States a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
  2. No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of the Congress.
  3. No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
  4. No State shall violate the equal rights of conscience, or the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the trial by jury in criminal cases.

Section 3. Citizens of states

[edit]
  1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, or born in foreign countries to a parent who is a citizen of the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, or their rights as guaranteed under this Constitution; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
  2. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, sex, or previous condition of servitude.
  3. A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

Section 4. New States and Territories

[edit]
  1. The Congress shall have Power to acquire, dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States. The Congress shall also have power to provide a Republican form of government for the inhabitants of all territory belonging to the United States, lying without the limits of the several States.
  2. New States may be admitted into this Union by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress, either from the territory of the United States or by the inclusion, upon application, of foreign republics and parts thereof. The same vote shall also be sufficient to acquire any territory to be added to that of the United States.
  3. No new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, or of their peoples, voting in plebiscite, as well as of the Congress.
  4. Nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section 5. Representation of the Seat of Government

[edit]
  1. For purposes of representation in the Congress, election of the President and Vice President, and Amendments to this Constitution, the District constituting the seat of government of the United States shall be treated as though it were a State, provided it has a population at least equal to the least populous State. The exercise of the rights and powers conferred under this article shall be by the people of the District constituting the seat of government, and as shall be provided by the Congress.

Article VI. Federal Supremacy

[edit]
  1. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in fighting wars, repelling invasions, and suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
  2. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. When in cases brought before them, should the judiciary find parts or all of the Law in question to be at irreconcilable variance with this Constitution, they shall have power to declare those laws, in whole or part, null and void.
  3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution. No one shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or be a member of any State Legislature, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in war, insurrection, or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Article VII. Amendment

[edit]
  1. The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, or whenever three fifths of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, and by a nationwide plebiscite in which a majority both of all votes and of votes cast in a majority of the several states are in the affirmative; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first Clause in the Ninth Section of the first Article; that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate; and that a constitutional amendment must expressly modify, remove from or add to the text of the constitution, and be incorporated into the constitution itself, making the changes ordained by the amendment to its text.

Article VIII. Ratification

[edit]
  1. The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
  2. When nine states shall have ratified this Constitution, in the manner before specified, the Confederation Congress under the Articles of Confederation, shall elect the first President and Vice President; and prescribe the time for holding the first election of members of Congress under this Constitution, and the time for assembling the same, and for inaugurating the President. Until the assembling of such Congress, the Confederation Congress under the Articles of Confederation shall continue to exercise the powers granted to it.

Eschatocol

[edit]
Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In Witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,
George WASHINGTON
President of the Constitutional Convention
William JACKSON
Secretary to the Constitutional Convention



For Delaware:

George READ,
Gunning BEDFORD Jr.,
John DICKINSON,
Richard BASSETT,
Jacob BROOM;

For Maryland:

James McHENRY,
Daniel of St. Thomas JENIFER,
Daniel CARROLL;

For Virginia:

John BLAIR,
James MADISON;

For North Carolina:

William BLOUNT,
Richard Dobbs SPAIGHT,
Hugh WILLIAMSON;
For South Carolina:

John RUTLEDGE,
Charles Cotesworth PINCKNEY,
Charles PINCKNEY,
Pierce BUTLER;

For Georgia:

William FEW,
Abraham BALDWIN;



For New Hampshire:

John LANGDON,
Nicholas GILMAN;

For Massachusetts:

Nathaniel GORHAM,
Rufus KING;

For Connecticut:

William Samuel JOHNSON,
Roger SHERMAN;

For New York:

Alexander HAMILTON;

For New Jersey:

William LIVINGSTON,
David BREARLEY,
William PATERSON,
Jonathan DAYTON;

For Pennsylvania:

Benjamin FRANKLIN,
Thomas MIFFLIN,
Robert MORRIS,
George CLYMER,
Thomas FitzSIMONS,
Jared INGERSOLL,
James WILSON,
Gouverneur MORRIS.

Retrieved from "https://wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Glide08/Sandbox/U.S.A._(old)&oldid=658035"