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The Constituent Assembly, being the representative body of the people of Thyrraneia, in order to provide the rules of the permanent administration of the State and safeguard and promote the rights and welfare of the people, ENACTS the Constitution of the Republic of Thyrraneia in the following text:

PART I. OPENING PROVISIONS

Article 1

(1) All people are free and equal in their dignity and rights. Their fundamental rights and freedoms are inherent, inalienable, non-prescriptible, and irrepealable.

(2) All political power is vested in and derived from the people. All government of right originates from the people, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good of the whole.

(3) This constitution determines through what organs the sovereign people shall execise that political power, and guarantees to the people their rights and liberties. Such limitations are imposed upon these organs of government, as shall preserve to the people all rights guaranteed by this constitution.

Article 2

(1) Thyrraneia shall be a sovereign, democratic, social, unitary, indivisible Republic.

(2) Democratic values constitute the foundation of the state; it may not be bound either to an exclusive ideology or to a particular religious faith.

(2) State authority may be asserted only in cases and within the bounds provided for by law and only in the manner prescribed by law.

(3) Everyone may do what is not prohibited by law; and nobody may be compelled to do what is not imposed by law.

PART I. RIGHTS, FREEDOMS AND DUTIES

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 3

(1) Everyone is guaranteed the enjoyment of fundamental rights and basic freedoms without regard to gender, race, colour of skin, language, faith and religion, political or other conviction, national or social origin, membership in a national or ethnic minority, property, birth, or other status.

(2) Everybody has the right freely to choose his nationality. It is prohibited to influence this choice in any way, just as is any form of pressure aimed at suppressing a person’s national identity.

(3) Nobody may be caused detriment to her rights for asserting her fundamental rights and basic freedoms.

Article 4

(1) Duties may be imposed only on the basis and within the bounds of law and only while respecting the fundamental rights and freedoms.

(2) Limitations may be placed upon the fundamental rights and freedoms under the conditions prescribed in this Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms (hereinafter "Charter") only by law.

(3) Any legal limitation upon the fundamental rights and freedoms must apply in the same way to all cases which meet the specified conditions.

(4) When employing the provisions concerning limitations upon the fundamental rights and freedoms, the essence and significance of these rights and freedoms must be preserved. Such limitations shall not be misused for purposes other than those for which they were enacted.

CHAPTER TWO

HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS

Division one

Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms

Article 5

Everyone is entitled to possess rights.

Article 6

(1) Everyone has the right to life. Human life is worthy of protection even before birth.

(2) Nobody may be deprived of her life.

(3) The death penalty is prohibited.

(4) If the deprivation of life occurs in connection with conduct which is not criminal according to law, the rights enshrined by this article are not breached.

Article 7

(1) The inviolability of the person and of his privacy is guaranteed. It may be limited only in cases determined by law.

(2) No one may be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 8

(1) Personal liberty is guaranteed.

(2) No one may be prosecuted or deprived of her liberty except on the grounds and in the manner specified by law. No one may be deprived of her liberty on the grounds of inability to fulfil a contractual obligation.

(3) A person accused of or suspected of having committed a criminal act may be detained only in cases specified by law. A person who is detained must be immediately informed on the reasons of the detention, questioned, and within twenty-four hours at the latest, either released or turned in to a court. A judge must question the detained person and decide whether the person must be placed in custody or released within twenty-four hours of the takeover.

(4) A person accused of a criminal act may be arrested only on the basis of a written and reasoned warrant issued by a judge. The arrested person must be turned in to a court within twenty-four hours. A judge must question the arrested person and decide whether the person shall be detained or released within twenty-four hours.

(5) Nobody may be placed detained except on the grounds and for the period of time determined by law and only on the basis of a judicial decision.

(6) The law specifies cases in which a person may be taken into or kept in a medical institution without consent. A court must be notified within twenty-four hours that such a measure has been taken and it decides on such placement within seven days.

Article 9

(1) No one may be subjected to forced labour or service.

(2) The provision of paragraph 1 does not apply to:

a) labour imposed according to law upon persons serving a prison sentence or upon persons serving other penalties replacing the penalty of imprisonment,

b) military service or some other service specified by law in place of compulsory military service,

c) service required on the basis of law in the event of natural disasters, accidents, or other danger threatening human life, health, or property of significant value,

d) conduct imposed by law for the protection of life, health, or the rights of others.

Article 10

(1) Everyone has the right to demand that her human dignity, personal honour, and good reputation be respected, and that her name be protected.

(2) Everyone has the right to be protected from any unauthorized intrusion into private and family life.

(3) Everyone has the right to be protected from the unauthorized gathering, public revelation, or other misuse of her personal data.

Article 11

(1) Everyone has the right to own property. Each owner’s property right has the same content and enjoy the same protection. Inheritance is guaranteed.

(2) The law shall designate the property necessary for securing the needs of the entire society, the development of the national economy, and the public welfare, which may be owned exclusively by the state, a municipality, or by designated legal persons; the law may also provide that certain items of property may be owned exclusively by citizens or legal persons with their headquarters in the Republic of Thyrraneia.

(3) Ownership entails obligations. It may not be misused to the detriment of the rights of others or in conflict with legally protected public interests. It may not be exercised so as to harm human health, nature, or the environment beyond the limits specified by law.

(4) Expropriation or some other mandatory limitation upon property rights is permitted in the public interest, on the basis of law, and for compensation.

(5) Taxes and fees shall be levied only on the basis of law.

Article 12

(1) A person’s habitation is inviolable. It may not be entered without the permission of the person living there.

(2) A habitation may be searched only for the purposes of a criminal proceeding on the basis of a written and reasoned search warrant issued by a judge. The manner in which a habitation may be searched shall be specified by law.

(3) Other interference within the inviolability of a habitation may be permitted by law only if it is necessary in a democratic society for the protection of the life or health of individuals, for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others, or in order to avert a serious threat to public security and order. If a habitation is also used for a business purposes or for other economic activities, the law may also permit such interference if it is necessary to fulfil the duties of public administration.

Article 13

No one may violate the confidentiality of letters or the confidentiality of other papers or records, whether privately kept or sent by post or by other means, except in the cases and in the manner specified by law. The confidentiality of messages communicated by telephone, telegraph or by other similar devices is guaranteed.

Article 14

(1) The freedom of movement and of residence is guaranteed.

(2) Everyone who is legitimately staying within the territory of the Republic of Thyrraneia has the right freely to leave it.

(3) These freedoms may be limited by law if such is unavoidable for the security of the state, the maintenance of public order, the protection of the rights and freedoms of others or, in demarcated areas, for the purpose of protecting nature.

(4) Every citizen is free to enter the territory of the Republic of Thyrraneia. No citizen may be forced to leave homeland.

(5) An alien may be expelled only in cases specified by the law.

Article 15

(1) The freedom of thought, conscience and religious conviction is guaranteed. Everyone has the right to change religion or faith or to have no religious conviction.

(2) The freedom of scientific research and of artistic production is guaranteed.

(3) No one may be compelled to perform military service if it is contrary to his conscience or religious conviction. Detailes are specified by law.

Article 16

(1) Everyone has the right freely to manifest religion or faith, either alone or in community with others, in private or public, through worship, teaching, practice, or observance.

(2) Churches and religious societies administrate their own affairs; in particular, they establish their own organs and appoint their clergy as well as found religious orders and other church institutions, independently of state authorities.

(3) The conditions of religious education at state schools are specified by law.

(4) The exercise of these rights may be limited by law in the case of measures necessary in a democratic society for the protection of public safety and order, health and morals, or the rights and freedoms of others.

Division two

Political Rights

Article 17

(1) The freedom of expression and the right to information are guaranteed.

(2) Everyone has the right to express her opinion in speech, in writing, in the press, in pictures, or in any other form, as well as to freely search, receive, and disseminate ideas and information irrespective of the boarders of the state.

(3) Censorship is inadmissible.

(4) The freedom of expression and the right to search and disseminate information may be limited by law in the case of measures necessary in a democratic society for protecting the rights and freedoms of others, the security of the state, public security, public health, and morals.

(5) State authorities and territorial self-governing authorities are obliged to provide information on their activities in an appropriate manner. Conditions and implementation are determined by law.

Article 18

(1) The right of petition is guaranteed; in matters of public or other common interest, everyone has the right, on her own or together with other individuals, to address state authorities or territorial self-governing authorities with requests, proposals, or complaints.

(2) Petitions may not be misused to interfere with the independence of the courts.

(3) Petitions may not be misused for the purpose of calling for the violation of the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed by this Charter.

Article 19

(1) The right of peaceful assembly is guaranteed.

(2) This right may be limited by law in the case of assemblies held in public places, if it concerns measures necessary in a democratic society for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others, public order, health, morals, property, or the security of the state. However, an assembly may not be subject to permission by a public administrative authority.

Article 20

(1) The right of association is guaranteed. Everybody has the right to associate with others in clubs, societies, and other associations.

(2) Citizens also have the right to form political parties and political movements and to associate therein.

(3) The exercise of these rights may be limited only in cases specified by law, if it involves measures that are necessary in a democratic society for the security of the state, the protection of public security and public order, the prevention of crime, or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.

(4) Political parties and political movements, as well as other associations, are separated from the state.

Article 21

(1) Citizens have the right to participate in the administration of public affairs either directly or through the free election of their representatives.

(2) Elections must be held within periods not exceeding the regular electoral terms specified by law.

(3) The right to vote is universal and equal, and exercised by secret ballot. The conditions for exercising the right to vote are specified by law.

(4) Citizens have access, under equal conditions, to any elective and other public office.

Article 22

Legal regulation of all political rights and freedoms and its interpretation and application must allow and protect the free competition of political forces in a democratic society.

Article 23

Citizens have the right to resist anybody who would eliminate the democratic order of human rights and fundamental freedoms, established by this Charter, if the actions of constitutional authorities and the effective use of legal means have been made impossible.

CHAPTER THREE

THE RIGHTS OF NATIONAL AND ETHNIC MINORITIES

Article 24

Affiliation to any national or ethnic minority may not be to anyone’s detriment.

Article 25

(1) Citizens constituting national or ethnic minorities are guaranteed universal development, in particular the right to develop, together with other members of the minority, their own culture, the right to disseminate and receive information in their native language and the right to associate in national associations. Details are specified by law.

(2) Citizens belonging to national and ethnic minorities are also guaranteed under the conditions specified by law:

a) the right to education in their own language,

b) the right to use their own language in their communication with authorities,

c) the right to participate on resolution of affairs concerning national and ethnic minorities.

CHAPTER FOUR

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

Article 26

(1) Everybody has the right to the free choice of profession and the training for it, as well as the right to do business and pursue other economic activity.

(2) Conditions and limitations upon the right to engage in certain profession or activities may be specified by law.

(3) Everybody has the right to acquire the means of her livelihood by work. The state provides an adequate level of material security to those citizens who are unable, through no fault of their own, to exercise this right; conditions are specified by law.

(4) Different regulation for aliens may be specified by law.

Article 27

(1) Everyone has the right to associate freely with others for the protection of her economic and social interests.

(2) Trade unions shall be established independently of the state. It is inadmissible to limitate the number of trade union organisations, as well as to give preferential treatment in a particular enterprise or branch of industry.

(3) The activities of trade unions and the formation and activities of similar associations for the protection of economic and social interests may be limited by law in the case of measures necessary in a democratic society for the protection of the security of the State, public order, or the rights and freedoms of others.

(4) The right to strike is guaranteed under the conditions specified by law; this right does not appertain to judges, prosecutors, or members of the armed forces or security corps.

Article 28

Employees have the right to fair remuneration for their work and to satisfactory work conditions. Details are specified by law.

Article 29

(1) Women, adolescents, and disabled persons have the right to increased protection of their health at work and to special work conditions.

(2) Adolescents and disabled persons have the right to special protection in labour relations and to assistance in vocational training.

(3) Details are specified by law.

Article 30

(1) Citizens have the right to adequate material security in old age and during periods of work incapacity, as well as in the case of the loss of their breadwinner.

(2) Everyone in material need has the right to assistance necessary to ensure a basic living standard.

(3) Details are specified by law.

Article 31

Everyone has the right to the protection of health. Citizens have the right, on the basis of public insurance, to free medical care and to medical tools under conditions specified by law.

Article 32

(1) Parenthood and the family are under the protection of the law. Special protection is guaranteed to children and adolescents.

(2) Pregnant woman is guaranteed special care, protection in labour relations, and suitable labour conditions.

(3) Children enjoy equal rights whether they are born in or out of wedlock.

(4) It is the parents’ right to care for and bring up their children; children have the right to parental upbringing and care. Parental rights may be limited and minor children may be removed from their parents’ custody against their will only by the decision of a court on the basis of the law.

(5) Parents who are raising children have the right to assistance from the state.

(6) Details are specified by law.

Article 33

(1) Everyone has the right to education. School attendance is obligatory for the period specified by law.

(2) Citizens have the right to free elementary and secondary school education, and, depending on citizen’s ability and the possibilities of society, also to university education.

(3) It is possible, under the conditions specified by law, to establish other then state schools; education may be provided at such schools for tuition.

(4) The conditions under which citizens have the right to assistance from the state during their studies are specified by law.

Article 34

(1) The rights to the results of creative intellectual activity are protected by law.

(2) The right of access to cultural wealth is guaranteed under the conditions specified by law.

Article 35

(1) Everyone has the right to a beneficial environment.

(2) Everyone has the right to timely and complete information on the state of the environment and natural resources.

(3) No one may, in exercise of rights, endanger or cause damage to the environment, natural resources, the wealth of natural species, or cultural monuments beyond the extent specified by a law.

CHAPTER FIVE

THE RIGHT TO JUDICIAL AND OTHER LEGAL PROTECTION

Article 36

(1) Everyone may claim, through determined procedure, rights before an independent and impartial court or, in specified cases, before another body.

(2) Unless a law provides otherwise, a person who claims to be curtailed in his rights by a decision of a public administrative authority may turn to a court for review of the legality of such decision. However, judicial review of decisions affecting the fundamental rights and freedoms listed in this Charter may not be removed from the jurisdiction of courts.

(3) Everybody is entitled to compensation for damage caused by an unlawful decision of a court, other state authorities or public administrative authorities or as the result of an improper official procedure.

(4) Conditions and details are specified by law.

Article 37

(1) Everyone has the right to refuse to testify if he would incriminate himself or a close person.

(2) In proceedings before courts, other state authorities or public administrative authorities everyone has the right to legal assistance from the very beginning of such proceedings.

(3) All parties to such proceedings are equal.

(4) Anyone who declares not to speak the language in which a proceeding is being conducted has the right to the services of an interpreter.

Article 38

(1) No one may be removed from the jurisdiction of lawful judge. The jurisdiction of courts and judges are specified by law.

(2) Everyone has the right to have her case heard in public, without unnecessary delay, and in his presence, as well as to express his opinion on all of the admitted evidence. The public may be excluded only in cases specified by law.

Article 39

Only a law may specify which acts constitute a crime and what penalties, or other detriments to rights or property, may be imposed for committing them.

Article 40

(1) Only a court may decide on guilt and on the punishment for criminal offences.

(2) A person against whom a criminal proceeding has been brought shall be considered innocent until his guilt is declared in a final judgment of the court.

(3) The accused has the right to be given the time and opportunity to prepare a defence and to defend himself, either on his own or with the assistance of advocate. If he fails to choose advocate even though the law requires him to have one, he is appointed advocate by the court. The law specifies cases in which the accused is entitled to advocate free of charge.

(4) The accused has the right to refuse to testify; he may not be deprived of such right in any manner.

(5) No one may be criminally prosecuted for an act for which he has already been effectively convicted or acquitted. This rule does not exclude the application of remedies according to law.

(6) The criminality of an act is considered and punishment is imposed according to the law in effect at the time the act was committed. A posterior law applies if it is more favourable for the offender.

CHAPTER SIX

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 41

(1) The rights listed in article 26, article 27 section 4, articles 28 to 31, article 32 section 1 and

3, article 33, and article 35 of this Charter may be claimed only within the limits specified by laws implementing these provisions.

(2) Whenever this Charter refers to a law, it is understood a law enacted by the Federal Assembly, unless, as a result of the constitutional division of legislative powers, such issues are governed by laws enacted by the national councils.

Article 42

(1) Whenever this Charter uses the term "citizen", this is to be understood as a citizen of the Republic of Thyrraneia.

(2) While in the Republic of Thyrraneia, aliens enjoy the human rights and fundamental freedoms guaranteed by this Charter, unless such rights and freedoms are expressly conferred to citizens alone.

(3) Whenever current legal regulations use the term "citizen", this shall be understood to refer to every individual if it concerns the fundamental rights and freedoms that this Charter confers to everybody irrespective of their citizenship.

Article 43

The Republic of Thyrraneia grant asylum to aliens who are being persecuted for the assertion of their political rights and freedoms. Asylum may be denied to a person who has acted contrary to fundamental human rights and freedoms.

Article 44

Law may restrict the right of judges and prosecutors to carry out business or other economic activity and the right specified in the Article 20 section 2; it may also restrict these rights as well as rights specified in Article 27 section 4 of employees of state administration and territorial self-governance in offices specified by such law; it may also restrict these rights as well as rights specified in the Article 18, Article 19 and Article 27 section 1 and 3 of members of security corps and members of the armed forces insofar as such is related to the performance of their duties. A law may restrict the right to strike of people whose professions are essential for the protection of life and health.

PART III. SUFFRAGE AND ELECTIONS

Article 1. (1) All elections shall be free, fair, transparent, competitive, and periodic.

(2) Election campaigns shall be governed by the following principles: a. Freedom of campaigning; b. Equal opportunities and treatment for all candidatures; c. Impartiality of public entities towards all candidatures; d. Transparency and scrutiny of electoral accounts.

Sec. 11. Universal Suffrage. (1) Suffrage shall be universal.

(2) The franchise may be exercised by all citizens who are at least 18 years of age, if not deprived of this right due to mental incapacity or committing an electoral crime.

(3) As political rights and privileges are not dependent upon or modified by property, no property qualification shall affect the right to vote or hold office.

Sec. 12. Equal Suffrage. (1) Suffrage shall be equal.

(2) No voter may cast a ballot more than once. All voters shall exercise the franchise on an equal footing.

Sec. 12. Direct Suffrage. (1) Suffrage shall be direct.

(2) In elections made by Suffrage, votes given by voters shall be cast directly for the candidates or lists that they desire to see elected.

(3) No Electoral College or other such ad-hoc body of electors may be established or elected.

Sec. 12. Secret Suffrage. (1) In elections made by Suffrage, votes shall be cast in secret.

(2) Control over voters' exercise of the franchise shall be inadmissible. Notwithstanding, a voter who is unable to vote at the polling place may entrust his or her vote to a proxy.

(3) The state shall take measures to ensure disabled and illiterate people to vote without the assistance of a proxy.

Article 1.

Votes are converted into seats in harmony with the principle of proportional representation. Any act that dissolves a collegial organ that is based on direct suffrage must also set the date of the new election thereto, which shall take place within the following sixty days and in accordance with the electoral law that is in force at the time of the dissolution, failing which the electoral act shall be legally nugatory. The competence to judge the correctness and validity of electoral procedural acts pertains to the courts.

Article 114 (Political parties and right of opposition)[edit] Political parties hold seats in entities and organs that are based on universal, direct suffrage in accordance with their proportion of election results. Minorities are accorded the right of democratic opposition, as laid down in the Constitution and the law. Political parties that hold seats in the Assembly of the Republic and do not form part of the Government particularly have the right to be regularly and directly informed by the Government about the situation and progress of the main matters of public interest. Political parties that hold seats in Legislative Assemblies of the autonomous regions or in any other directly elected assemblies have the same right in relation to the corresponding executive, in the event that they do not form part thereof.

PART V. THE LEGISLATURE

CHAPTER I. The Parliament

Article 85

(1) The legislative power of the Republic of Thyrraneia shall be vested in the Parliament, which shall be composed of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate of the Republic, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum.

(2) Nobody may be at the same time both a Deputy and a Senator.

(2) Both Houses enjoy equal powers, unless this Constitution provides otherwise.

(3) A valid decision of Parliament requires the concurrent decision of both Houses, unless this Constitution provides otherwise or unless an internal matter of only one of the Houses is involved.

Article 101

(1) Parliament shall convene ipso jure for its ordinary winter session on the second Thursday of November, and for its ordinary summer session on the second Thursday of May.

(2) Each ordinary session shall continue for at least three months, but not for more than four months.

Article 102

(1) The President of the Republic may convene Parliament for an extraordinary session at his own initiative or upon a request signed by at least one quarter of the members of either House.

(2) Each extraordinary session shall continue for at least 10 days, but not for more than 30 days.

(3) The President of the Republic shall announce the period of the extraordinary session and the reasons for convening it as soon as possible after convening it.

CHAPTER II. The Chamber of Deputies

Article 86

(1) The Chamber of Deputies shall approve the general policy and the general budget of the State.

(2) It shall exercise control over the work of the executive authority in the manner prescribed by the Constitution.

Article 87

(1) The Chamber of Deputies shall at least 350 Deputies who shall be elected by secret ballot on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage under the principles of the majority system.

(2) The law shall determine the constituencies into which the national territory shall be divided for the purposes of elections of Deputies.

Article 92

(1) The term of the Chamber of Deputies term is four years from the date of its first meeting.

(2) Elections for renewal of the Chamber of Deputies shall take place within the sixty days preceding the termination of the term.

Article 103

The Chamber of Deputies shall elect and recall the Speaker and Vice-Speakers of the Chamber of Deputies.

Article 115[22] The draft general budget shall be submitted to the Chamber of Deputies at least three months before the beginning of the fiscal year. It shall be considered in effect after approval. The draft budget shall be voted upon title by title and shall be promulgated by a law. The Chamber of Deputies may modify the expenditures indicated in the draft budget except those which implement a specific commitment of the State. Should the change result in an increase of expenditures the Chamber of Deputies must agree with the Government on how to provide the resources needed to balance revenues and expenditures. The budget shall be adopted in the form of a law which may include amendments to laws already in force necessary to realize that balance. Should the new budget not be approved before the beginning of the new fiscal year, the old budget shall be in effect until ratification. The law shall determine the manner in which the budget is prepared as well as the fiscal year. Article 116 The approval of the Chamber of Deputies is necessary for the transfer of any funds from one title of the budget to another, as well as for any expenditure not included in the budget or in excess of its estimates, and shall take the form of a law. Article 117

�The provisions regulating the budgets and accounts of public organizations and organisms shall be prescribed by law. Article 118[23] The final account of the State budget shall be submitted to the Chamber of Deputies within a period not exceeding one year from the date of the expiration of the fiscal year. It shall be voted-upon title by title and be adopted in the form of a law. The annual report of the Central Agency for Accounting and its observations must be submitted to the Chamber of Deputies. The Assembly has the right to request from the Central Agency for Accounting, any data or other pertinent reports. Article 119 General taxes may only be imposed, modified or abolished by virtue of a law. No one may be exempted from their payment except in the cases specified by law. No one may be asked to pay additional taxes or duties except in the cases specified by law. Article 120 The basic rules for the collection of public funds and the procedure for their disbursement shall be regulated by law. Article 121 The Executive Authority shall not contract a loan or commit itself to a project entailing the subsequent expenditure of funds from the State Treasury, except with the approval of the Chamber of Deputies. Article 122 The rules governing the granting of salaries, pensions, indemnities, subsides and bonuses from the State Treasury shall be determined by a law which shall also regulate the exceptions from these rules, and the authorities charged with their application. Article 123 The rules and procedures for granting concessions relating to the investment in the sources of natural wealth and in public utilities shall be determined by law; the disposal, free of charge, of real estate properties belonging to the State or the ceding of moveable properties of the State and the rules and issues relating to them shall also be regulated by law.

Article 124 (1) Every member of the Chamber of Deputies shall be entitled to address questions to the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Ministers, the Ministers or the Deputy Ministers concerning matters within their jurisdiction.

(2) The Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Ministers, the Ministers and the Deputy Ministers shall answer the questions put to them by members of the Chamber of Deputies.

(3) A member may withdraw his question at any time.

Article 125 Every member of the Chamber of Deputies shall be entitled to address interpellations to the Prime Minister or his deputies or to the Ministers or their deputies concerning matters within their jurisdiction. Debate on an interpellation shall take place at least seven days after its submission, except in cases of urgency as decided by the Assembly and with the government’s consent.

Article 126

(1) The Government shall be responsible collectively for the general policy of the State before the Chamber of Deputies; every Minister shall also be responsible for the acts of his Ministry.

(2) The Government may ask the Chamber of Deputies for a vote of confidence. A vote of confidence requires the approval of an absolute majority of the Deputies present. The voting is performed by roll call. The Chamber of Deputies shall not decide on such a motion until after at least three days from the date of its proposal.

(3) The Chamber of Deputies may move to withdraw its confidence from the Government as a whole, or from the Prime Minister or any of the Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers or Deputy Ministers individually. Such a motion may not be proposed except after an interpellation, and shall be introduced by at least one-tenth of the Deputies.

(4) A vote of no confidence, whether in the Government as a whole or in an individual member of the Government, requires the approval of an absolute majority of all the Deputies. The voting is performed by roll call. The Chamber of Deputies shall not decide on such a motion until after at least three days from the date of its proposal.

(5) Withdrawal of confidence shall be pronounced by the rejection of a vote of confidence or by the approval of a vote of no confidence.

(6) If the Chamber of Deputies withdraws its confidence from the Prime Minister, a Deputy Prime Minister, a Minister or a Deputy Minister, he shall resign from office. If the Chamber of Deputies withdraws its confidence from the Government as a whole, the President shall reshuffle the Government.

Article 131 The Chamber of Deputies may form an ad hoc committee or use any of its committees for the monitoring of the activities of any of the administrative departments, the general administrative institutions, any administrative or executive organ or of public projects for the purpose of finding facts and providing the Assembly with information on the actual financial, administrative or economic situation [of those institutions] or for investigating issues related to said activities.

In the course of its enquiry, the committee shall be entitled to collect whatever evidence it deems necessary and to subpoena all those from whom it requests information. All executive and administrative bodies shall comply with the requests of the committee and put at its disposal all the documents and evidence it has asked for.

Article 136[26]

(1) The President of the Republic shall have the right to dissolve either chamber of Parliament or both Chambers simultaneously. He shall not be allowed to exercise this right during the last six months of his term of office.

(2) After the dissolution of either chamber, new elections shall take place within sixty days. The new chamber shall hold its first meeting within ten days of its election.

CHAPTER III. The Senate of the Republic

Article 194

(1) The Senate of the Republic shall be composed of at least 132 Senators who shall be elected by secret ballot on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage under the principles of proportional representation, using d'Hondt's highest average rule.

(2) The constituencies into which the national territory shall be divided for the purposes of elections of Senators shall be the regions.

(3) The number of Senators for each region, subject to the requirement that no region may have fewer than five senators, is determined in proportion to the population of the regions as revealed in the most recent census, using d'Hondt's highest average rule.

Article 198 The term of membership of the Senate of the Republic is six years, with the renewal of half of its members taking place every three years. It is permitted to re-elect a member whose term has expired.

Article 199 The Senate of the Republic shall elect and recall its President and Vice-Presidents.

Article 43

(1) A state of war shall require the approval of the Senate of the Republic, by a majority of two-thirds of the Senators, in order to be declared.

(2) Should Thyrraneia be attacked or should international common defence treaties so require, and the Senate of the Republic has been given notice of this fact by the Government, an absolute majority of all the Senators shall be suffecient to declare a state of war.

(3) The Senate of the Republic shall decide on the extent of Thyrraneian participation in the activites of those international common defence organizations of which Thyrraneia is a member.

(4) Questions regarding the dispatch of Thyranneian military forces abroad, and the presence of foreign military forces in Thyranneia, shall be decided by the Senate of the Republic, insofar as the Constitution does not authorize the Government to decide on them.

(4) Questions regarding the dispatch of Thyranneian military forces abroad, and the presence of foreign military forces in Thyranneia, shall be decided by the Government, if the dispatch or presence is for not more than 90 days, and is done for the purposes of:

a) fulfilling the requirmenets of international common defence treaties;

b) peacekeeping operations held pursuant to a decision of an international organization of which Thyranneia is a member, so long as the receiving state approves the dispatch; and

c) participation in rescue operations following natural, industrial or ecological disasters.

(5) Questions regarding the passage of foreign military forces through Thyranneian territory, their sail through Thyrraneian territorial waters, or their flight through Thyranneian airspace, as well as on Thyrraneian participation in military exercises held in foreign countries, shall be decided by the Government.

(6) The government shall inform the Senate of the Republic of its decisions under paragraphs (4) and (5) without delay. The Senate of the Republic may revoke the same by an absolute majority of its members.

Article 204 The President of the Republic may dissolve the Senate of the Republic only in the case of necessity. The decision must include a call for new elections to be held sixty days at the latest after the dissolution order has been issued. The new Council shall hold its first meeting within ten days of its election.

CHAPTER IV. Provisions applicable to both Houses

Article 89

(1) Members of Parliament shall devote themselves exclusively to their functions as members.

(2) Members of Parliament shall exercise their functions in person and shall not be bound by any imperative mandate.

(3) Members of Parliament shall represent the entire country and not merely the constituencies for which they are elected.

Article 90

A Member of Parliament shall take the following oath of office at the first meeting he attends of the House of which he is a member:

"I swear by my honour, in the presence of the Thyrraneian nation, to be loyal to the Republic, to discharge the mandate laid upon me, as a [Deputy/Senator], by the people with faith, integrity and honesty, and to observe and uphold the Constitution and laws of the land."

The Member of Parliament may swear by the holy book of his religion in lieu of swearing by his honor. In such a case, he shall conclude the oath with the phrase "So help me God!".

Article 91

Members of Parliament shall receive a remuneration determined by law. Any reduction or increase of that remuneration shall not become effective during the term of the Chamber of Deputies in which it is made.

Article 96 (1) Membership in Parliament shall be terminated by:

a. resignation from office;

b. loss of eligibility;

c. emergence of incompatibility;

d. explusion.

(2) The decision on the explusion of a Member of Parliament shall be taken by a majority of two-thirds of the members of the relevant House.

Article 97

A House of Parliament alone may accept the resignation of one of its members.

Article 98

Members of Parliament shall not be held responsible outside Parliament for any opinions or thoughts expressed or for any votes cast by them in the performance of their tasks in the Parliament or one of its Houses or committees.

Article 99

(1) No Member of Parliament shall be arrested or subjected to criminal prosecution without the permission of the House of which he is a member except in case of flagrante delicto.

(2) If Parliament is not in session, the permission of the Presiding Officer of the relevant House must be obtained.

(3) The relevant House must be notified of the measures taken in its first subsequent session.

Article 104

Each House of Parliament shall determine its rules of procedure governing its organization and the way in which it fulfills its tasks.

Article 105

(1) A House of Parliament alone shall have the right to maintain order in its premises.

(2) The Presiding Officer of the relevant House shall be entrusted with this task.

Article 106

(1) The meetings of Both Houses of Parliament shall be public.

(2) However, the public may be excluded from the meeting of a House at the request of at least two fifths of its members. In this case, the House shall then decide whether the debate on the issue submitted to it shall take place in a public or in a non-public meeting.

Article 107

(1) Both Houses of Parliament shall have a quorum if at least two fifths of their members are present.

(2) A decision of each House shall be adopted if it is approved by an absolute majority of the members present, in cases other than those for which the Constitution prescribes a special majority.

(3) In case of a tie vote, the person chairing the meeting shall have a second vote.

Article 143

(1) The President of the Republic, the Vice-President, and members of the Government shall communicate with the two Houses of Parliament by messages which they shall cause to be read aloud and which shall not give rise to any debate.

(3) Each of them shall have the right to attend meetings of either House of the Parliament and any of its committees, and shall be bound to attend those meetings whenever the relevant House or committee so requests. They shall be given the floor whenever they so request.

(4) Upon taking the floor before either House or any of its committees, they may make whatever statements they wish before it. Their statements may give rise to a debate without vote, which shall be made in their absence, unless they are members of the relevant House or committee.

Article 129

At least twenty members of either House may ask for the discussion of a public issue to ascertain the Government's policy regarding on the matter. The members of the Government concerned shall be bound to attend the discussion.

CHAPTER V. Legislation

Article 108 In cases of necessity or in exceptional circumstances the President of the Republic shall have the right, upon authorization by the Chamber of Deputies approved by two-thirds of its members, to adopt decrees having the force of law. The authorization must be granted for a limited period and indicate the subjects which may be regulated by the decrees and the motives on which they have to be based. The decrees must be submitted to the Chamber of Deputies at the first meeting after the end of the authorization period. If they are not submitted, or if they are submitted but not approved by the Assembly they shall cease to have the force of law.

Article 109

(1) Bills may originate in either House, but appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase of the public debt, bills of local application, and private bills, shall originate exclusively in the Chamber of Deputies.

(2) Bills may be introduced to the Chamber of Deputies by:

a. a Deputy or a group of Deputies;

b. the President of the Republic;

c. the Government;

d. a Regional Assembly;

e. any enfranchised person, provided that such a Bill is supported by a petition signed by at least 50,000 enfranchised persons;

(3) Bills may be introduced to the Senate by a Senator or a group of Senators.

(4) Every Bill shall embrace only one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof.

(5) A Bill shall be passed by a House if approved in three readings on separate days.

Article 110

(1) A Bill introduced by a Member or a group of Members of the relevant House may only be voted on in first reading if it has been previously passed by that House in preliminary reading. Amendments to the bill may not be proposed in the preliminary reading. Such a Bill, if defeated in preliminary reading, cannot be presented again in the course of the same session.

(2) Every Bill, upon its introduction in or referral to a House, shall be voted on by that House, in first reading, as a whole. Amendments to the bill may be proposed, and if proposed, shall be voted on, in the first reading. Every Bill approved in first reading shall be referred to a committee of the relevant House which will examine it, make any amendments it considers necessary, and submit a report to that House.

(3) Every bill referred to a committee of a House after passage in first reading, shall be voted on by the relevant House, in second reading, article by article. Amendments to the bill may be proposed, and if proposed, shall be voted on, in the second reading.

(4) Every bill passed in second reading, shall be voted on by that House, in third reading, as a whole. Amendments to the bill may not be proposed in the third reading.

Article 111

(1) Every bill passed in three readings in the House where it originated shall be referred by it to the other House without unnecessary delay.

(2) The second-metioned House shall consider a Bill referred to it, and approve or defeat that Bill within thirty days of the day the Bill was sent to it. If the second-metioned House does not make a decision within that time, the Bill shall be considered as having been defeated.

(3) If the second-metioned House defeats a Bill, the first-metioned House shall take a second vote thereon. The Bill shall pass, and shall be adopted as law by Parliament, if approved by a majority of two-thirds of its members.

(4) If the second-metioned House approves a Bill, that approval shall be deemed to be a passage in first reading, and the procedure contemplated in Article 110 shall apply to its passage in the second-metioned House.

Article 112

(1) If a House passes a Bill which originated in the other House in three readings, the second-metioned House shall vote on its version passed by the first-metioned House. The Bill shall pass, and shall be adopted as law by Parliament, by its resolution.

(2) If the second-metioned House does not pass it in the version passed by the first-metioned House, it shall return the Bill to the second-metioned House with amendments, and the procedure contemplated in this Article shall apply to its passage in the second-metioned House.

Article 113

(1) If the procedure contemplated in Article 112 has been applied to the passage of the same Bill six times, each House shall elect ten representatives from among its members to a conference committee for the conduct of proceedings to agree on a common text.

(2) The common text adopted by the conference committee shall be reviewed by the two Houses. If either of them does not approve the text, the matter shall be referred to a joint meeting of Parliament.

(3) If the proceedings of the conference committee do not produce a common text, Parliament may, at a joint meeting, approve the version of the bill as last passed in either House.

(4) Any common text of a Bill approved in accordance with the procedure contemplated in this Article shall be adopted as law by Parliament.

(5) If the joint meeting does not produce a common text, both Houses of Parliament shall be dissolved.

Article 113

(1) Every Bill adopted as law by Parliament shall be presented to the President of the Republic, who shall promulgate the Bill within two months, and any bill so promulgated shall become a law on the moment of promulgation. In case of objection to the Bill, the President of the Republic may, within that period, veto it.

(2) If the President of the Republic vetoes a Bill adopted as law by Parliament, he shall return it, together with a written explanation of his objections, to the House where it originated, and request it to be reconsidered. The President of the Republic may request the House to reconsider the bill in part, or with proposed amendments.

(3) The relevant House shall reconsider the vetoed and returned Bill in accordance with the President of the Republic's objections, and may reject, in whole or in part, any amendments proposed as part of the request for reconsideration.

(4) If that House passes the reconsidered Bill by a majority of two-thirds of its members, the Bill shall be referred to the other House, which shall likewise reconsider it, and may reject, in whole or in part, any amendments proposed as part of the request for reconsideration and affirmed by the first-mentioned House, or reaffirm, in whole or in part, any such amendments rejected by the first-mentioned House.

(5) If the second-mentioned House passes the reconsidered Bill by a majority of two-thirds of its members, that Bill shall become a law.

(6) If the President of the Republic neither promulgates nor vetoes a Bill within the period referred to in paragraph (1), that Bill shall become a law.

(7) The President of the Republic shall promulgate every law which has become such by virtue of paragraphs (5) or (6). If such a law is not promulgated by the President within five days after it has become a law, the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies shall promulgate it.

PART III. THE EXECUTIVE

CHAPTER I. General

Article 137

The executive power of the Republic of Thyrraneia shall be vested in the President of the Republic and the Government, and shall be exercised in the manner stipulated in the Constitution.

CHAPTER II. The President of the Republic

Article 73[12]

(1) The Head of State is the President of the Republic.

(2) The President of the Republic shall assert the sovereignty of the people, ensure respect for the Constitution and the rule of law, safeguard national unity and social justice and keep the authorities within the limits of their respective powers in order to make sure that each performs its role in the interest of the Nation.

Article 74

(1) If any danger threatens public security, or obstructs the constitutional role of the State institutions or the maintenance of supply and vital services, the President of the Republic shall take urgent measures to overcome that danger after consulting the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, and the President of the Senate of the Republic.

(2) The President of the Republic shall address a message to the people on the measures taken as soon as possible after their adoption.

(3) Such measures may not be taken, and no arrangements and powers may be implemented by virtue of them, unless the nautre of the danger warrants this. Any measures taken may not be used to amend the Constitution, prevent recourse to the courts, prescribe retroactively-applied punishment, or permit an infringement of human dignity.

(4) Parliament shall convene ipso jure, and the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic may not be dissolved, during the exercise of these powers.

(5) The Constitutional Court shall investigate and decide ipso jure whether or not the danger the urgent measures were taken to overcome still exists within forty days of the adoption of the measures taken.

Article 75

(1) The President shall be elected by direct, public, secret ballot.

(2) Any Thyrraneian citizen eligible for election to the Senate may be elected President of the Republic.

Article 76

(1) In order to be accepted as a candidate to the presidency, a person must be nominated by the following:

a. any enfranchised person, provided that such a nomination is supported by a petition signed by at least 50,000 enfranchised persons in at least 9 regions, of which there shall be not less than 1,500 in each region;

b. at least 60 Members of Parliament, of which at least 20 shall be Deputies and at least 10 shall be Senators;

c. at least 200 Members of the Regional Assemblies of at least 9 regions, of which there shall be not less than 16 in each Regional Assembly;

d. any registered political party whose members have obtained at least 3% of the elected seats in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic or the equivalent of the combined total of these numbers in one of the two Houses of Parliament, provided that the person nominated is a member of that party and has been so for at least twelve consecutive months prior to nomination.

In all cases, support may not be given to more than one candidate.

Procedures related to the nomination process shall be regulated, and rules governing the replacement of a candidate who ceases to be eligible for the presidency or withdraws himself from the election, shall be determined by law.

(2) Voting in either round shall be conducted in one single day.

(3) The candidate who has obtained an absolute majority of valid votes shall be elected as President of the Republic. If no candidate has obtained such a majority, a second round of voting shall be held fourteen days after the first round, to which all the candidates who have won the highest number of valid votes in the first round shall advance, but if there is only one such candidate, all the candidates who have obtained the second-highest number of valid votes shall also advance to the second round.

(4) Any candidate who advances to the second round and ceases to be eligible for the presidency or withdraws himself from the election shall be excluded when determining the candidates who advance to the second round.

(5) In the second round, the candidate who has obtained the highest number of valid votes shall be elected as President of the Republic. If more than one candidate has obtained such a majority, the tie shall be broken by drawing of lots.

(6) The presidential election shall be held even if there is only one validly-nominated candidate or if he is the only candidate remaining due to all other candidates ceasing to be eligible for the presidency or withdrawing themselves from the election, and the second round shall be held even if only one candidate has advanced to it. In such a case, the election shall be conducted as a referendum on his election, and the candidate shall be elected if an absolute majority of the votes cast in the referendum are in favor of his election; if he is not elected, a new election shall be held within one month.

Article 77

(1) The term of office of the President of the Republic shall be five years and shall commence on the day he takes his oath of office.

(2) The President of the Republic may be re-elected for other successive terms, provided that:

a. If the President of the Republic assumed office to fill a vacancy within the two and a half years immediately preceeding the expiration of the vacator's term, he may not be re-elected to a fourth consecutive term of office, or during the two and a half years immediately following the end of a third consecutive term of office;

b. If the President of the Republic assumed office in all other cases, he may not be re-elected to a third consecutive term of office, or during the two and a half years immediately following the end of a second consecutive term of office;

c. If the President of the Republic resigns or is impeached, he may not stand again in the next election, or in any that take place in the two and a half years immediately following his resignation or impeachment.

Article 78 (1) The election of a new President of the Republic shall take place within the last sixty days of the term of office of the incumbent President of the Republic, but not less than 30 days prior to the expiration of that term.

(2) Should the term of office of the outgoing President of the Republic expire before a successor is installed for any reason whatsoever, the former President shall continue to serve until his successor is elected and installed.

Article 79 (1) The President-elect shall be installed before a joint session of Parliament, which shall also be attended by the members of the Government, Justices of the Supreme and Constitutional Courts, regional Governors, the Governor of the National Bank, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief of General Staff and the Inspector-General of Police.

(2) His installation shall take place on the last day of term of office of the outgoing President of the Republic, or, if he assumed office to fill a vacancy, on the first day following that on which he assumed office.

(3) As part of the installation, the President-elect shall take the following oath of office:

"I swear by my honour, in the presence of the Thyrraneian nation, to be loyal to the Republic, to upohld the sacred trust laid upon me, as the President, by the people, to discharge my functions as such with faith, integrity and honesty, and to observe and uphold the Constitution and laws of the land."

The President-elect may swear by the holy book of his religion in lieu of swearing by his honor. In such a case, he shall conclude the oath with the phrase "So help me God!".

Article 80

(1) The salary of the President of the Republic shall be fixed by law. Any reduction or increase of that salary shall not become effective during the presidential term in which it is made.

(2) The President of the Republic may not receive any other salary or remuneration.

Article 81 During his term the President of the Republic may not exercise any free profession or undertake any commercial, financial or industrial activity. Nor may he acquire or lease any State property, sell to or exchange with the State any property of his whatsoever.

Article 139 (1) There shall be a Vice-President of the Republic who shall have the same qualifications and term of office and be elected with, alongside, and in the same manner, as the President of the Republic.

(2) The rules on the accountability of the President of the Republic shall be applicable equally to the Vice-President. He may be removed from office in the same manner as the President of the Republic.

(3) In case of a vacancy in the Office of Vice-President, the President of the Republic shall nominate a new Vice-President. The Vice-President so nominated shall take office upon the approval of his nomination by an absolute majority of all the Deputies and Senators, both Houses voting separately.

Article 140 Before assuming his functions, the Vice-President shall take the following oath before the President of the Republic:

"I swear by my honour, in the presence of the Thyrraneian nation, to be loyal to the Republic, to upohld the sacred trust laid upon me, as the Vice-President, by the people, to discharge my functions as such with faith, integrity and honesty, and to observe and uphold its Constitution and laws of the land."

The Vice-President may swear by the holy book of his religion in lieu of swearing by his honor. In such a case, he shall conclude the oath with the phrase "So help me God!".

Article 83 (1) The Presidential Commission shall consist of the Prime Minister, the President of the Senate of the Republic, and the Chancellor of the Constitutional Court. The President of the Senate of the Republic shall preside at its meetings. In a divergence of opinion among the members of the Presidential Commission, the majority shall prevail.

(2) Should the President of the Senate of the Republic be unable to discharge his functions, his powers relating to the Presidential Commission shall be exercised by the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies.

(3) Should the Chancellor of the Constitutional Court be unable to discharge his functions, his powers relating to the Presidential Commission shall be exercised by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

(4) While collectively acting as President of the Republic, the Presidential Commission may entrust any of its members with exercising such powers of the President of the Republic as it may specify; the supreme command of the armed forces is automatically entrusted to the Prime Minister, and the Presidential powers under Article 141 are automatically entrusted to the President of the Senate of the Republic.

Article 82[17] (1) If on account of any temporary obstacle the President of the Republic is unable to discharge his functions, the Vice-President, or the Presidential Commission should the Vice-President be unable to discharge his functions, shall act as President.

(2) The acting President may not request the amendment of the Constitution, or dissolve the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate of the Republic, or dismiss the Government.

Article 83 In case of resignation, the President shall address the letter of resignation to the President of the Senate of the Republic.

Article 84[18]

(1) In case of a vacancy in the office of President of the Republic for any reason, save that of Impeachment or Resignation, the Vice-President shall become President for the unexpired term.

(2) In case of a vacancy in the office of President of the Republic for reason of Impeachment or Resignation, as well as for any other reason should the Vice-President be unable to discharge his functions or should his office be vacant at the moment the vacancy in the office of President of the Republic occurs, the Presidential Commission shall proclaim the vacancy of the office of President, and shall act as President, abiding by the provisions of Article 82, paragraph (2), until the newly-elected President is installed.

(3) The new President of the Republic shall be elected to fill the vacancy within sixty days of its proclamation by the Presidential Commission, and shall serve for the unexpired term.

Article 138[27]

(1) The President of the Republic shall have control of all the ministries, bureaus and offices.

(2) He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully executed.

(2) He shall, in coordination with the Government, lay down the general policy of the State and supervise its implementation in the manner prescribed in this Constitution.

Article 141

(1) The President of the Republic shall appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister.

(2) He shall appoint and dismiss, after consulting with the Prime Minister, the other members of the Government.

(3) He shall, after consulting with the Prime Minister, entrust the Ministers with the direction of ministries and other organs of the executive, name the Deputy Prime Ministers from among the Ministers and assign the Deputy Ministers to the ministries in which they will operate.

Article 142 (1) The President of the Republic shall have the right to call a meeting of the Government.

(2) He shall be entitled to attend meetings of the Government, to request reports from it or from its individual members, and to discuss with them matters which he deems necessary to be resolved.

(3) He shall be obliged to attend meetings of the Government debating upon matters of foreign policy and national defense, and on request by the Prime Minister, in other instances as well.

(4) He shall preside over every meeting of the Government which he calls or otherwise attends.

Article 143 (1) The President of the Republic shall nominate the heads of the executive agencies, institutions, commissions, and boards; professors and rectors of university-level institutions; military and security officers from the rank of colonel or equivalent onwards; and other higher civil and military officials whose appointments are vested in him in this Constitution, or not otherwise provided for by law, and forward their nominations to the Senate of the Republic for confirmation. The nominations of these higher civil and military officials shall require the approval of the Senate of the Republic, by a majority of two-thirds of the Senators, in order to be confirmed.

(2) If Parliament is not in session, he shall have power to appoint these higher civil and military officials on an interim basis until Parliament convenes for its session, but such interim appointments shall require the confirmation of the Senate of the Republic in like manner as non-interim appointments, and shall be effective beyond that time only if so confirmed by the Senate of the Republic.

(2) Parliament may, by law, vest the appointment of other officers lower in rank in the President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards, and shall establish fair, equitable, and reasonable criteria of merit for the selection of eligible candidates.

Article 143

The President of the Republic shall take the floor, at the opening of the ordinary winter session of Parliament, before a joint meeting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic, and address it on the state of affairs of the Nation and on significant political questions. He may propose, in that address, measures he views as necessary. His address shall give rise, in his absence, to a debate without vote.

Article 143 (1) The President of the Republic shall represent Thyrraneia in foreign relations. Ambassadors, envoys and other diplomatic representatives of foreign powers and international organisations shall be accredited to him.

(2) He shall negotiate international treaties and agreements, and forward them to the Senate of the Republic for ratification. International treaties and agreements shall require the approval of the Senate of the Republic, by a majority of two-thirds of the Senators, in order to be ratified.

(3) He shall appoint and dismiss, after consulting with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, ambassadors, envoys and other diplomatic representatives to foreign powers and international organisations. He shall accredit them once appointed, and issue their letters of recall once dismissed.

(4) He shall receive ambassadors, envoys and other diplomatic representatives of foreign powers and international organisations, and receive their letters of credence and recall.

Article 149 The President of Republic shall have the right to pardon criminals and to commute or remit their sentences.

Article 150 The President of Republic shall be the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. He shall preside over the higher councils and committees responsible for national defense.

Article 152 The President of the Republic may call a referendum on important matters affecting the supreme interests of the country.

CHAPTER II. The Government

Article 153

(1) The Government shall be the supreme executive and administrative organ of the State.

(2) It shall consist of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers and Deputy Ministers.

Article 154

(1) The Prime Minister shall supervise the work of the government. He shall direct its actions, preside over its meetings, act in its name and represent it. He shall be assisted in his work by the Deputy Prime Ministers.

(3) A Minister shall be the supreme administrative chief of his ministry. He shall lay down the ministry's policy within the framework of the State's general policy and see to its implementation.

(4) Deputy Ministers shall operate in all federal ministries. They shall assist the Ministers to the which they are assigned in their work.

Article 154

Any Thyrraneian citizen eligible for election to the Chamber of Deputies may be appointed a member of the Government.

Article 155

Before assuming the duties of their office, the members of the Government shall take the following oath before the President of the Republic:

"I swear by my honour, in the presence of the Thyrraneian nation, to be loyal to the Republic, to discharge my functions as a member of the Government with faith, integrity and honesty, and to observe and uphold its Constitution and laws of the land."

A member of the Government may swear by the holy book of his religion in lieu of swearing by his honor. In such a case, he shall conclude the oath with the phrase "So help me God!".

Article 156

(1) The Government shall, in coordination with the President of the Republic, lay down the general policy of the State and supervise its implementation in the manner prescribed in this Constitution.

(2) It shall direct, coordinate and supervise the work of the ministries, bureaus and offices, and of the executive agencies, institutions, commissions, and boards.

(3) It may issue regulations for the purpose of implementing the laws and decrees, and within the limits of the same.

(4) It shall prepare and decide on drafts of Government Bills and the National Budget, and submit the final versions of the same to the Chamber of Deputies.

Article 133

The Government is obliged to submit its declaration of policy to the Chamber of Deputies within sixty days of its appointment, or at the next earliest meeting of the Chamber of Deputies should Parliament not be in session, and to ask the Chamber for a vote of confidence.

Art. 70 (1) The Government shall be accountable for the exercise of its functions to the Chamber of Deputies, and responsible collectively for the general policy of the State before it; every Minister shall also be responsible for the acts of his Ministry before the Chamber of Deputies.

(2) The Chamber of Deputies may pass a vote of no confidence in the Government as a whole or in an individual member of the Government. A vote of no confidence, whether in the Government as a whole or in an individual member of the Government, requires the approval of an absolute majority of all the Deputies. The voting is performed by roll call. The Chamber of Deputies shall not decide on such a motion until after at least three days from the date of its proposal.

(3) The Government may ask the Chamber of Deputies for a vote of confidence at any time. A vote of confidence requires the approval of an absolute majority of the Deputies present. The voting is performed by roll call. The Chamber of Deputies shall not pass a vote of confidence in the Government until after at least three days from the date of its proposal.

Art. 71 (1) The Government may submit its resignation to the President of the Republic; it is obliged to submit its resignation after the first meeting of a newly-elected Chamber of Deputies.

(2) If the Chamber of Deputies passes a vote of no confidence in the Government as a whole or if it refuses to pass a vote of confidence, the President of the Republic shall dismiss the Government. The President of the Republic may also dismiss the Government after consulting the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies and the President of the Senate of the Republic.

(3) If the President of the Republic dismisses the Government or accepts its resignation, he shall entrust the Government he dismissed or whose resignation he accepted with the exercise of its functions temporarily until a new Government is appointed.

Art. 73 (1) A member of the Government may submit his resignation to the President of the Republic.

(2) If the Chamber of Deputies passes a vote of no confidence in an individual member of the Government, the President of the Republic shall dismiss that member of the Government.

(3) If the President of the Republic dismisses a member of the Government or accepts his resignation, he may determine who of the members of the Government may temporarily take charge of the matters previously administered by the member of the Government he dismissed or whose resignation he accepted.

Art. 75 A decision of the Government shall take effect if it is approved by a simple majority of all the members of the Government.

Section IV The National Specialized Councils Article 164 Specialized Councils shall be established on the national level to assist in the determination of the general policy of the State in all fields of national endeavor. These councils shall be attached to the President of the Republic. A Presidential decree shall determine the formation and functions of each council.

PART IV. THE JUDICIARY

Article 152

(1) The judicial power of the Republic of Thyrraneia shall be vested in the Supreme Court and in such lower courts and tribunal as may be established by law.

(2) The judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government.

(3) The judiciary shall be independent. No one may jeopardize the impartiality of a judge.

Article 153

(1) The Supreme Council of the Judiciary shall be the guarantor of the independence of the judiciary.

(2) It shall consist of the Minister of Justice, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Attorney-General as ex officio Members, three specialized members, and twelve ordinary members.

(3) Of the specialized members:

a. one shall be elected by the National Council of the Integrated Bar, from among its members, for a term of six years, and shall not carry out multiple consecutive terms of office;

b. one shall be elected by Parliament in joint session, from among full university professors of law and lawyers after fifteen years of practice, for a term of four years, and shall not carry out more than two consecutive terms of office;

c. one shall be appointed by the President of the Republic, after consulting with the Minister of Labor, in order to represent the private sector, for a term of five years.

(4) The ordinary members shall be elected by and from among all the ordinary judges belonging to the various categories, for a term of three years, and shall not carry out more than three consecutive terms of office.

(5) The Supreme Council of the Judiciary shall be presided over by the Minister of Justice. It shall elect a vice-president from among its remaining members for a term of one year. The vice-president of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary shall not carry out multiple consecutive terms of office.

Article 154

(1) Judges shall be appointed by the President of the Republic from a list of at least three nominees prepared by the Supreme Council of the Judiciary for every vacancy. They shall serve for a lifetime tenure.

(2) They may not be transferred to another court against their will.

(3) They may be removed from office only for reason of high crimes, betrayal of public trust, or incapacity. Their removal shall be done by the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, by a majority of three-fifths of its members.

Article 155

(1) The functions of the Courts are to:

a. protect and uphold, through judicial procedure, the constitutional order, as well as the rights and lawful interests of natural persons, legal persons and unincorporated organizations;

b. ensure that all institutions, enterprises, organizations and citizens abide strictly by State laws, determine the punishment for those who commit criminal offenses, and review the legality of the decisions of public administration;

c. give judgments and findings with regard to property and conduct notarial work.

Article 157

(1) Court cases are heard in public and the accused is guaranteed the right of defense.

Hearings may be closed to the public as stipulated by law.

Article 158

Judicial proceedings are conducted in the Korean language.

Foreign citizens may use their own language during court proceedings.

Article 160

(1) The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the Republic of Thyrraneia.

(2) The Supreme Court supervises the judicial activities of all lower courts.

(2) The Supreme Court shall have the following powers:

a. Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus.

b. Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the law or the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments and orders of lower courts in:

ii. All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation is in question. (b) All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or any penalty imposed in relation thereto. (c) All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue. (d) All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or higher. (e) All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved.

Article 161

The Central Court is accountable to the Supreme People's Assembly, the President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Central People's Committee. The Court of the province (or municipally directly under central authority) and the People's Court are accountable to their respective People's Assemblies.

PART V. THE PROSECUTION

Article 162

Investigation and prosecution are conducted by the Central Public Prosecutors Office, the Public Prosecutors, Offices of the province (or municipality directly under central authority), city (or district) and county and the Special Public Prosecutors Office.

Article 163

The term of office of the Prosecutor general of the Central Public Prosecutors Office is the same as that of the Supreme People's Assembly.

Article 164

Public prosecutors are appointed or removed by the Central Public Prosecutors Office.

Article 165

The functions of the Public Prosecutors Office are to:

1. ensure the strict observance of laws by institutions, enterprises, organizations and by citizens;

2. ensure that decisions and directives of State bodies conform with the Constitution, the laws and ordinances, decisions of the Supreme People's Assembly, the decisions and directives of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly, the edicts of the President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the decisions and orders of the National Defense Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the decrees, decisions and directives of the Central People's Committee, and with the decisions and directives of the Administration Council;

3. expose and institute legal proceedings against criminals and offenders in order to protect the State power of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the socialist system, the property of the State and social, cooperative organizations and personal rights as guaranteed by the Constitution and the people's lives and property.

Article 166

Investigation and prosecution are conducted under the unified direction of the Central Public Prosecutors Office, and all Public Prosecutors Offices are subordinate to their higher offices and the Central Public Prosecutors Office.

The Central Public Prosecutors Office is guided by the Central People's Committee.

Article 167

The Central Public Prosecutors Office is accountable to the Supreme People�fs Assembly, the President of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Central People�fs Committee.

PART V. LOCAL GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER I. General

Article 1

(1) The Republic of Thyrraneia shall be divided into local divisions, arranged from the highest to the lowest as follows:

a. Regions;

b. Departments;

c. Communes;

d. Cantons.

PART V. THE REGIONS

CHAPTER I. General

Article 1

(1) The Regions are the highest local divisions of the Republic of Thyrraneia.

(2) In addition, the Regions enjoy political and administrative independence to ensure their economic and social development and the promotion and defence of their interests.

(3) Regional political and administrative autonomy does not affect the integrity of the sovereignty of the state and shall be exercised within the overall framework of the Constitution.

(4) As a consequence of their Autonomous nature:

a. in addition with the principles set out in Part V (Local Government), the Regions shall be governed by the provisions of this Part;

b. the division of the Republic into Regions shall be primarily based on geographic, economic, social and cultural characteristics.

CHAPTER II. Extent of Regional Political Autonomy

Article 2

(1) The following are matters of national competence:

a. foreign policy and international relations of the State; right of asylum and legal status of foreigners; foreign trade; customs; border protection and border control; emigration and immigration;

b. national defence; the armed forces; State security; armaments, ammunition and explosives;

c. currency, savings protection and financial markets; competition protection; foreign exchange system; state taxation and accounting systems; equalisation of financial resources;

d. national bodies and relevant electoral laws; national referenda;

e. legal and administrative organisation of the State and of national public agencies;

f. public order and security, with the exception of local administrative police;

g. citizenship and personal status;

h. jurisdiction and procedural law; civil and criminal law; administrative judicial system;

i. general provisions on education;

j. social security; minimum wage and employee's benefits;

k. electoral legislation, governing bodies and fundamental functions of the Municipalities, Provinces and Metropolitan Cities;

l. weights and measures; standard time; national, regional and local statistics;

m. intellectual property, copyright and patents;

n. protection of the environment, the ecosystem and cultural heritage.

(2) Within the scope of national competence, national organs shall have full legislative and executive powers and the national public administration shall operate unhindered.

Article 2

(1) The following are matters of joint competence:

a. international relations of the Regions;

b. job protection and safety;

c. education, subject to the autonomy of educational institutions and with the exception of vocational education and training;

d. professions;

e. scientific and technological research and innovation support for productive sectors;

f. health protection;

g. nutrition;

h. sports;

i. disaster relief;

j. land-use planning;

k. civil ports and airports;

l. large transport and navigation networks;

m. communications;

n. national production, transport and distribution of energy;

o. complementary and supplementary social security;

p. harmonisation of public accounts and co-ordination of public finance and the taxation system;

q. enhancement of cultural and environmental assets, including the promotion and organisation of cultural activities;

r. savings banks, rural banks, regional credit institutions;

s. regional land and agricultural credit institutions.

(2) Within the scope of joint competence, national organs shall have legislative and executive powers and the national public administration shall operate, in those matters which are exhaustively enumerated by law, and their regional counterpart shall have powers and operate in other matters.

Art. 9 All matters which do not fall within the scope of national and joint competence fall within the scope of regional competence.

PART V. AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION

Sec. 2. (1) The constituent power of the Republic of Thyrraneia shall be exercised by either of the methods set out hereinafter in this Part, but in no other way.

(2) The constituent power is the power to amend this Constitution and to adopt a new or revised Constitution.