THE PRONOUN.
11 8i. As shown by the foregoing examples, the English relative and verb are represented in Japanese by a verb alone, which is used participially, or, as it is more usual to say in Japanese grammar, attributively, prefixed to the noun. In English this construction is allowable only in the case of participles, as "the shipwrecked sailors," "the shrieking women and children." In Japanese it is the actual tense-forms of the verb that are thus employed ; and as the Japanese language, generally speaking, abhors the use of the passive, the verbs employed are almost always neuter or active ones, thus :
Nansen ni aimashitasuifu-ra.The shipwrecked sailors.
Shipwreck to met sailors. )
Haruka oki ni mieru fune. }The vessel that is to be .!/>/* o/i in if it, appears vessel, j seen far away at sea.
Hebon sensei no koshirat:ta}The dictionary written
Hepburn senior '* [/] prepared I by Df Hepburn, i.e. Dr.
dictionary. ) Hepburn's dictionary.
Arashi to in mono, ) .
lit. "the thing (mono) of which people say [ What IS Called a typhoon. (in) that (to) it is a typhoon (arashi). )
Otokichi to iu annai no mono A The guide called Otoki-
lit. the guide (annai no mono, i.e. person of Lchi, OY Otokichi the guidance; whom people say (iu) that (to) he [ '
J guide.
The country people call Ame- rica, or simply America.
N.B. This impersonal but active construction with to hi, cor- responding to the English passive, must be thoroughly mastered, as it is constantly in the mouths of the people. It is often used for making general assertions, such as
is Otokichi.
Amerika to iu kuni.
Dogs are faithful creatures, or The dog is a faithful creature.
Inu to in mono wa chugi no aru mono dcsif.
