nkọwa nke Palestine bụ ihe ndabere nke otu n'ime ebubo eboro ya n'ikpe ikpe ya a ma ama; Sebastian Munster; na Gerard Mercator. 6 Nke onye na-ese ihe bụ Hans Holbein nyere ọkụ ọtụtụ mbipụta.7 Isi njirimara Geographike bụ ndokwa sayensị ya.
N'akwụkwọ nke mbụ, Ptol¬
emy kọwara otú o si mee map ya nke “habitalis,” o depụtakwara n’akwụkwọ ndị na-esonụ ndepụta nke ya ihe dị ka puku ebe iri asatọ na ogologo ha na latitudes.8 Enweghị nkọwa nke ndị mmadụ ples na ngwaahịa nke mba dị iche iche na nke ukwuu ntakịrị nke atụmatụ anụ ahụ. Ozi e nyere ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na mbara igwe. Ptolemy nakweere ozizi ndị Gris na ụwa bụ okirikiri, ma chere na elu ya na-ekewa n'ime zones site equator na okpomọkụ. O soro Hipparchus kewara equa¬ okirikiri torial n'ime akụkụ 360, emesịa kpọọ ogo, na site na equator ruo okporo osisi sere okirikiri ndị ọzọ nke e mechara kpọọ ndị meridian. "Ya mere, dị ka oge a geographers, chepụtara dum elu nke ụwa dị ka kpuchie na netwọk nke yiri nke latitude na meridians of longitude .” 9 Ptolemy ghọtara otú e si achọpụta ebe dị n'ebe ugwu nke equator site n'ileru anya elu nke kpakpando pola, ma o kpebisiri ike latitude nke ebe ndịda nke equator naanị site atụmatụ nke anya ndị njem mere. Lon¬ gitude siri ike ịmata karịa latitude. Ptolemy, ebe a ọzọ, soro Hippar¬ chus, onye gosipụtara ọdịiche ahụ Enwere ike ikpebi ogologo ogologo site na ilele ihe dị iche iche ference nke oge mgbe a hụrụ otu eklips n'ụdị dị iche iche; ma, dị ka ole na ole ndị dị otú ahụ kwuru e meworo, ọ dị mkpa ka ọ daa azụ n'elu ezighi ezi atụmatụ nke anya mere site ndị njem. N'ihi ya, latitude Ptolemy dị ukwuu ziri ezi karịa ya longitudes. Njehie ọzọ bilitere mgbe o were maka isi ya meridian nke Fortunate Islands, modern Canaries, nke o debere, dị mwute ikwu izi ezi nke ngụkọta oge ya, ihe dị ka asaa degrees nke ukwuu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ptolemy ledara otú ụwa hà. Ọ jụrụ ngụkọ ziri ezi nke tụrụ ya n'anya nke gburugburu nke ụwa, mere nke Eratosthenes (276-196 BC), nke stadia 252,000 ma nakweere nke Poseidonius mere (1 35-50 BC) nke 1 80,000 stadia. Maka njehie mbụ a na mgbako, Ptolemy gbakwunyere ọzọ site na ịgbatị na maapụ ya na-enweghị isi akụkụ ahụ nke ụwa nke a maara mgbe ahụ. Nke Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị ogologo nke ukwuu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agbatị ihe karịrị ogo 65 site na Pillars nke Hercules ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri Syria, kama obere. 6. N'ọrụ ugbu a, lee No. 16. 7. Maka ndetu akwụkwọ akụkọ na mbipụta dị iche iche nke Ptolemy, lee Justin Winsor, Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Mahadum Harvard, Cambridge, 1884; Nordenskiold, Facsimile
Atlas; PL Phillips, geothan 45 degrees. A na-emebigakwa oke mgbasawanye n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eshia, na-atụ ihe dịka ogo 1 1 o site n’ikpere mmiri nke Siria ruo na njedebe oke nke China, kama ezigbo anya nke ihe dịka ogo 85. Nsonaazụ nke njehie ndị a bụ mkpụmkpụ N'ihe dị ka ogo 55 ka onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri kwesịrị ịdị anya njem ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-eji ụgbọ mmiri si n'ụsọ oké osimiri gaa ọdịda anyanwụ Spain nye ndị Asia. Map ụwa na-akwụghachi ọmụmụ ihe nke ọma. O doro anya ozugbo na ndị na-emepụta map nke oge a ka na-agbaso obere mgbanwe mgbakọ Ptolemy ji na-anọchi anya ókèala, ugwu, osimiri, na obodo. Ọ dabeere ya map na tiori na ụwa dị okirikiri, ma na-egosipụta naanị ọkara nke elu ya nke a maara mgbe ahụ, na-enweghị mbọ iji nọchite anya ọkara nke ọzọ. Ọ na-eji ahịrị iji nọchite anya ogo latitude na longitude. Nke Okpomọkụ nke Ọrịa Cancer na ihe dịka 23º 30' ugwu ugwu, okpomọkụ Capricorn na ihe dịka 23 ° 30' ndịda latitude, na eklips, na ihe ịrịba ama nke zodiac na-egosikwa. Nnukwu osimiri nke ụwa a maara mgbe ahụ, ndị Naịl, Rhine, Danube, Indus, Ganges, Tigris, na Euphrates, na isi ugwu ugwu nke Europe na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Eshia pụtara na map na ebe ha kwesịrị ekwesị. To onye ikpe si na map, Ptolemy tụfuru nkwenkwe Gris oge ochie na a gbara ụwa gburugburu n'akụkụ nile n'akụkụ mmiri, n'ihi na ọ na-agbatị Africa ruo mgbe ebighị ebi na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ jikọtara ya na akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Asia, si otú na-eme ka Osimiri India na oke osimiri dị n'ime ala. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, na 1569, Gerard Mercator10 zoro aka n'ikike Ptolemy maka nkwupụta ahụ bụ na mmiri gbara ụwa gburugburu, na Martin Waldseemiller
map nke 1 50711 na-ekwu na ọ nabatara nkwenye nke Ptolemy na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma oge ochie nọ n'oké osimiri gbara gburugburu. Ndị Portuguese gaara enweta agbamume dị nta site na map Ptolemy maka nkwenye ha nwere n'ụzọ mmiri na-aga India. On the left-hand margin of the map are indicated the seven climates or zones which had been distinguished by Permenides our conception Davis in 1594,the face of the lells, where in Ptolemy
“The superficialtee of the erthe,” says John Mandeville,13 “is departed into 7 parties, for the 7 planetes, and tho parties Rylands,N. StevGeography Elucidated , p. 1 7.
9. E. H. Bunbury nke mpaghara. “Ihu igwe,” ka Jọn 12 na-ekwu, “bụ ohere ma ọ bụ ọdịiche dị n'elu ụwa nke gụnyere n'etiti ụbọchị abụọ, a na-agbatị n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya ma ọ bụ mee ka ọkara otu mmiri dị mkpụmkpụ dị mkpụmkpụ.”kr, Ptolemy’s Geography, Ndekọ Akaụntụ nke Mbipụta Niile Ebipụtara ruo 1730.G. nke Elea dị ka narị afọ nke isii tutu Kraịst. Ndị a na-akpọ " ihu igwe " na-apụta na ọtụtụ maapụ ndị mbụ, na ụfọdụ, ihe ruru iri atọ, n'etiti equator na ndị osisi. Ha na-anọchi anya eriri nke ụwa yiri ya The equator na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi, n'ozuzu ụzọ, ka
Atlases eserese; na Henry
8. T.
n'ime oke ya
nke
na C.R. Beazley,
“Ptolemy,” na Encyclofcedia Britannicay Mbipụta nke iri na otu, Cambridge, 1 9 1 1 . 10. N'ọrụ dị ugbu a, lee Nke 22. 11. Ibid. Nke 8.
12. Ihe nzuzo nke ụgbọ mmiri } ii. 13. Njem , p. 186.
